EXPLANATORY NOTES ON MAIN STATISTICAL INDICATORS

Administrative Division refers to the division of a dministr ative areas by the state. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the ad ministrative areas in China are divided as: 1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central gov ernment; 2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefect ures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; 3) Autonomous prefectures are di vided into counties, autonomous counties and cities; 4) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns; 5) Municip alities and large cities are divided into districts and counties, 6) The state s hall, when necessary, establish special administrative regions.

Climate refers to the natural environmental status formed by the long-term exc hange of energy and mass between the earth and the air, and is the results of in teraction of many factors. Climate is both one of the environment factors and t he important resources for the living and production activities of the human bei ng. The average values across several years of meteorological factors such as te mperature, rainfall and humidity are used as important parameters to describe th e climate of a region, while the average values (or total values) of a given yea r or month of meteorological factors reflect the key characteristics of climate for that period of time.

Natural Resources refer to material resources that could be obtained from the nature by human being and used for production and living. Natural resources in g eneral can be classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Ren ewable resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recycled during a relatively short period of time, including land resource, water resource, climat e resource, biology resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources includ e resources that could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal resource. Land Resource Land refers to the surface of the earth, consisting of mainly rock s and its whethering and earth. Land resource can be classified, by its utilizat ion, as land for agriculture, land for construction and unused land. Land for ag riculture includes cultivated land, plantation land, forestland, grassland and w aters. Land for construction includes land for residential purpose, for manufact uring and mining, for transportation and for water-conservancy projects. Unused land refers to land other than land for agriculture and construction, including beaches, deserts, Gobi, glaciers and rock mountains.

Area of Cultivated Land refers to area of land recl aimed for the regular cult ivation of various farm crops, including crop-cover land, fallow, newly reclaime d land and land laid idle for less than 3 years.

Area of Afforested Land refer to land for trees bam boo, bushes and mangrove, i ncluding forest-cover land, bush-covered land, sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation and nurseries of young trees.

Area of Grassland refers to areas of grassland, gra ss-slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husba ndry or harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassl and areas.

Forest Resource refers to forests, trees, forestlan d and wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and trees. Trees include trees and bamboo. Forest refers to the population of clusters of trees and other plants, animals and microorganism as well as the earth and climate that have interactions with t he trees.

Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total sto ck volume of trees growing in land, including trees in forest, tress in sparse forest, scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers. Forest Area refers to the area of forest where trees and bamboo grow with cano py density above 0.2, including land of natural woods and planted woods, but exc luding bush land and thin forest land. It reflects the total areas of afforestat ion.

Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of forest resources of a country or a r egion.It is also an important indicator illustrating the richness of forest res ource and the status of forest ecological environment.

Forest Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of area of afforested land to total land area. It is a very important indicator that reflects the status of abundanc e of forest resource and ecosystem balance. Forest area includes the area of tre es and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2, the area of shrubby tree accor ding to regulations of the government, the area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roa ds and rivers. The formula for calculating forest coverage rate is as follows:

Forestry coverage rate (%)= (Area of Afforested Land/Area of Total Land) x 100%

Water Resource Water exists in the nature in solid, liquid and gaseous states, is distributed in the ocean, land (including earth) and air, and constitutes th e water resource through the circulation of water. Water resource includes the s urface water and underground water that is controlled by the human being for irr igation, power-generation, water supply, navigation and cultivation. It also inc ludes rivers, lakes, wells, springs, tides, gulf and water area for cultivation. Water resource as an important natural resource is indispensable for the develo pment of the national economy.

Surface Water and Underground Water Water on earth can be divided into surface water and underground water according to its distribution. Surface water refers to moisture exists in rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, icecaps and so on. It is also called land water. The underground water refers to water deposited undergr ound in the cranny and the hole of saturated rock soil and in the water-eroded c ave.

Runoff refers to the water gathered at the way out of t he cross section of drai nage area either from the surface or underground after deducting the wastage of the precipitation on the land. Runoff can be divided into surface runoff, under ground runoff and within soil runoff. Surface runoff refers to water flow to the rivers, lakes, swamps, and seas on the surface of the earth. Underground runoff refers to water flow to rivers, lakes, swamps, and seas through the water-beari ng stratum of confined layer or unconfined layer.

Volume of Runoff refers to the total volume of water ru nning through a certain cross section of a river during a certain period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or a region. The formula for calculating volume or runoff is as follows:

Runoff =Precipitation - Evaporation

Mineral Resources refer to useful minerals that can be used for industrial or agricultural purposes enriched in lithosphere or on earth due to the geological process. Minerals are important natural resources, and important material base f or social development.

Ensured Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral re serves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including industrial reserves and prospective reser ves) minus extracted parts and underground losses.

Drainage Area Each river has its own main stream and branches to form the water system of the river. Each river has its own catchment area, which is also calle d as the drainage area of the river.

Temperature refers to the air temperature. China uses c entigrade as the unit.

The thermometry used for weather observation is put in a breezy shutter, which i s 1.5 meters high from the ground. Therefore, the commonly used temperature refe rs to the temperature in the breezy shutter 1.5 meters away from the ground. The calculation method is as follows:

Monthly average temperature is the summation of average daily temperature of one month divided by the actual days of that particular month.

Annual average temperature is the summation of monthly average of a year divided by 12 months.

Relative Humidity refers to the ratio of actual water v apor pressure to the sa turation water vapor density under the current temperature. The statistical meth od is the same as that of temperature.

Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liqu id state or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation method is as follows:

Monthly precipitation is the summation of daily precipitation of a month.

Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months precipitation of a year.

Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours of sun irradia ting the earth. The calculation method is the same as that of the precipitation.

Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resourc es measured as run- off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a given area , excluding transit water.

Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable resources w hich exist in river s, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and are measured as run-of f of rivers.

Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall and surface water.

Duplicated Measurement Between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes so me depletion with groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment with surface water.

Comparable Prices refer to pr ices that are used to remove the factors of price change in calculating economic aggregates, so as to facilitate comparison of aggregates over time. Two methods are used for calculating economic aggregates at comparable prices: 1) Multiplyi ng the output of products by their constant prices of certain year; 2) Deflating data at current prices by relevant price indices.

Constant Price refers to the average price of a given p roduct in certain year, which is used for comparison of output value over time. As the output value at constant prices removes the factor of price changes, it reflects the trend of pr oduction development over time. Since 1949, with the changes in general price le vel, National Bureau of Statistics has issued nationally unified constant prices five times: the 1952 constant prices for 1949-1957; the 1957 constant prices fo r 1957-1971; the 1970 constant prices for 1971-1981; the 1980 constant prices fo r 1981-1990; and the 1990 constant prices have been used since 1991.

Average Annual Growth Rate Two methods for calculating average annual growth rate are applied in China, one is often called level approach, or the method of c alculating geometric average, which is derived by comparing the level of the las t year of the interval with that of the beginning year; the other is called accu mulative approach or algebraic average or equation method, which is derived by t he summation of the actual figure of each year in the interval divided by the fi gure in the base year.

Usually the results calculated by the two methods are fairly close, but they dif fered sharply when uneven economic development occurred with striking fluctuatio ns in growth.

Industrial Classification of the National Economy  The new Industrial Classification of the National Economy (GB/T 4754-2011) is introduced starting from the compilation of 2012 annual statistics. The revision, based on the 2002 classification, was organized by the National Bureau of Statistics taking into consideration of the International Standards of the Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC/Rev.4) of the United Nations. The new Classification was promulgated by the National Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China on April 29, 2011. The revised version of the Industrial Classification of the National Economy (GB/T 4754-2012) is composed of 20 sections, 96 divisions, 432 groups and 1094 classes.

Registration Status of Enterprises Enterprises are clas sified into 3 categories, namely domestic-funded enterprises, enterprises with investment from Hong Ko ng, Macau and Taiwan, and enterprises with foreign investment, in the light of t he registration status of an enterprise in industrial and commercial administrat ion agencies. Domestic-funded enterprises include state-owned enterprises, colle ctive-owned enterprises, cooperative enterprises, joint ownership enterprises, limited liability corporations, share-holding corporations Ltd., private enterpr ises and other enterprises. Included in the enterprises with investment from Hon g Kong, Macau and Taiwan and enterprises with foreign investment are joint-ventu re enterprises, cooperative enterprises, sole investment enterprises and share-h olding corporations Ltd. For government agencies, institutions and social organi zations which are not requested to be registered in industrial and commercial ad ministration agencies, they are classified mainly by their sources of funds and way of management.

State-owned Enterprises refer to non-corporation econom ic units where the entire assets are owned by the state and which have registered in accordance with th e Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate Enterprises. Excluded from this category are sole state-funded cor porations in the limited liability corporations.

Collective-owned Enterprises refer to economic units where the assets are owne d collectively and which have registered in accordance with the Regulation of th e People's Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporate Ente rprises.

Cooperative Enterprises refer to a form of collective e conomic units (enterpri ses) where capitals come mainly from employees as their shares, with certain pro portion of capital from the outside, where production is organized on the basis of independent operation, independent accounting for profits and losses, joint w ork, democratic management, and a distribution system that integrates remunerati on according to work with dividend according to capital share.

Joint Ownership Enterprises refer to economic units est ablished by two or more corporate enterprises or corporate institutions of the same or different owners hip, through joint investment on the basis of equality, voluntary participation and mutual benefits. They include state joint ownership enterprises, collective joint ownership enterprises, joint state-collective enterprises, other joint own ership enterprises.

Limited Liability Corporations refer to economic units established with invest ment from 2-50 investors and registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Management of Registration of Corporations, e ach investor bearing limited liability to the corporation depending on its share of investment, and the corporation bearing liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets. Limited liability corporations include exclusive state-fun ded limited liability corporations and other limited liability corporations.

Share-holding Corporations Ltd. refer to economic units registered in a ccordanc e with the Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Management of Reg istration of Corporations, with total registered capitals divided into equal sha res and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor bears limited liability to the corporation depending on the holding of shares, and the corporation bears li ability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets.

Private Enterprises refer to profit-making economic uni ts invested and establis hed by natural persons, or controlled by natural persons using employed labour. Included in this category are private limited liability corporations, private sh are-holding corporations Ltd., private partnership enterprises and private-funde d enterprises registered in accordance with the Corporation Law, Partnership Ent erprises Law and Interim Regulations on Private Enterprises .

Other Domestic-funded Enterprises refer to domestic-fun ded economic units other than those mentioned above.

Cooperative Enterprises with Funds from Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan established by investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Sino-fo reign Cooperative Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment or p rovision of facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative contract.

Enterprises with Sole (exclusive) Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to enterprises established in the mainland of China with exclusive investm ent from investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan in accordance with the Law o f the People's Republic of China on Foreign-Funded Enterprises and other relevan t laws.

Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to share-holding corporations Ltd. established with the approval from t he former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where the share of investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwa n businessmen exceeds 25% of the total registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan is less than 25% o f the total registered capital, the enterprise is to be classified as domestic-f unded share-holding corporation Ltd.

Joint-venture Enterprises with Foreign Investment refer to enterprises jointly established by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in the mainla nd of China in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Sin o-foreign Joint Venture Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the share of investment, profits and risks is stipulated in the contract.

Cooperation Enterprises with Foreign Investment refer t o enterprises jointly e stablished by foreign enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Sino-f oreign Cooperative Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment or provision of facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative contract.

Enterprises with Sole (exclusive) Foreign Investment refer to enterprises esta blished in the mainland of China with exclusive investment from foreign investor s in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign-Funded Enterprises and other relevant laws.

Share-holding Corporations Ltd. with Foreign Investment refer t o share-holding corporations Ltd. established with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign Tra de and Economic Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where the sha re of investment from foreign investors exceeds 25% of the total registered capi tal of the corporation. In case the share of foreign investment is less than 25% of the total registered capital, the enterprise is to be classified as domestic -funded share-holding corporation Ltd.

Government Agencies, Institutions and Social Organizations are classified into following categories by source of funds and way of management taking reference o f the registration status of enterprises:

(1) Government agencies: include state and party agencies, classified in princip le as state-owned. There are exceptions, such as supply and marketing cooperativ es which are classified as collective-owned.

(2) Institutions: include institutions of various types established with the app roval by organization and staffing departments of the government, but exclude in stitutions where enterprise management system is introduced. Institutions are fu rther classified as follows:

(a) Institutions whose main budget is listed in the government budget appropriat ions or extra-budget funds, or allocated from the budget of their competent gove rnment agencies. Such institutions are classified as state-owned.

(b) Institutions whose budget mainly comes from collective units. Such instituti ons are classified as collective-owned.

(c) Institutions other than those mentioned above whose source of budget is not clear. Such institutions are classified by way of management.

(3) Social organizations: include social organizations established with the appr oval from the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and organizations that are not covered by social organization management regulations such as trade unions, womens feder ations etc.. Social organizations are further classified as follows:

(a) Social organizations that are not covered by social organization management regulations of the Ministry of Civil Affairs such as trade unions, womens federa tions, communist youth leagues, youth associations, industrial and commerce asso ciations, scientists associations, overseas Chinese associations, etc., foundati ons and fund management organizations established with funds from the state, and social organizations whose funds mainly come from the budget of their competent government agencies. Such institutions are classified as state-owned.

(b) Social organizations whose budget mainly comes from collective units. Such i nstitutions are classified as collective-owned.

(c) Social organizations established by individual or a group of citizens, which are classified as private.

(d) Social organizations other than those mentioned above whose source of budget is not clear. Such organizations are classified by way of management

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to the final products at ma rket prices produced by a ll resident units in a country (or a region) during a certain period of time. Gr oss domestic product is expressed in three different forms, i.e. value , income, and products respectively. GDP in its value form refers to the total v alue of all goods and services produced by all resident units during a certain p eriod of time, minus the total value of input of goods and services of the natur e of non-fixed assets; in order term, it is the sum of the value-added of all re sident units. GDP in the form of income includes the income created by all resid ent units and distributed to resident and non-resident units. GDP in the form of products refers to the value of all goods and services for final consumption by all resident units minus the net exports of goods and services during a given p eriod of time. In the practice of national accounting, gross domestic product is calculated with three approaches, i.e. production approach, income approach and expenditure approach, which reflect gross domestic product and its composition from different aspects.

Three Industries Classification of economic activities into three branches of industries is a common practice in the world, although the grouping varies to so me extent form country to country. In China economic activities are categorized into following industries:

Primary industry: refers to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. Secondary industry: refers to mining and quarrying, manufacturing, production an d supply of electricity, water and gas, and construction. Tertiary industry: refers to all other economic activities not included in prima ry or secondary industry.

GDP by Expenditure Approach refers to the method of mea suring the final result s of production activities of a country (region) during a given period from the perspective of final use. It includes final consumption, total capital formation and net export of goods and services, i.e.:GDP by expenditure approach = final consumption + total capital formation + net export of goods and services Final Consumption refers to the total expenditure of resident units for purcha ses of goods and services from domestic economic territory and abroad to meet th e requirements of material, cultural and spiritual life. It excludes the expendi ture of non-resident units on consumption in the economic territory of the count ry. The final consumption is broken down into household consumption and governme nt consumption.

Households Consumption refers to the total expenditure of resident households on the final consumption of goods and services. In addition to the consumption o f goods and services bought by the households directly with money, the household s consumption also includes expenditure on goods and services obtained by the ho useholds in other ways, i.e. the so-called imputed consumption expenditure, whic h includes the following: (a) the goods and services provided to the households by the employer in the form of payment in kind and transfer in kind; (b) goods a nd services produced and consumed by the households themselves, in which the ser vices refer only to the owner-occupied housing and domestic and individual servi ces provided by the paid household workers; (c) financial intermediate services provided by financial institutions; (d) insurance services provided by insurance companies.

Government Consumption refers to the expenditure on the consumption of the pub lic services provided by the government to the whole society and the net expendi ture on the goods and services provided by the government to the households free of charge or at low prices. The former equals to the output value of the govern ment services minus the value of operating income obtained by the government dep artments. The latter equals to the market value of the goods and services provid ed by the government free of charge or at low prices to the households minus the value received by the government from the households.

Total Capital Formation refers to the fixed assets acqu ired minus those dispos ed of and the net value of inventory, including the total fixed capital formatio n and the increase in inventory.

Total Fixed Capital Formation refers to the value of fi xed assets acquired min us those disposed of during a given period. Fixed assets are the assets produced through production activities with specified unit value which could be used for over one year, excluding natural assets. Total fixed capital formation can be categorized into total tangible capital formation and total intangible capital f ormation. The total tangible capital formation include the value of the construc tion projects, installation projects completed and the equipment, apparatus and instruments purchased as well as the value of land improved, the value of draugh t animals, breeding stock, animals for milk, wool and for recreational purpose, and the newly increased forest with economic value during a given period. The to tal intangible capital formation includes the prospecting of minerals, the acqui sition of computer software minus the disposal of them.

Increase in Inventory refers to the market value of the change in inventory of resident units during a given period, i.e. the difference of value between the beginning and the end of the period minus the current gains due to the change in prices. The increase in inventory can be positive or negative. A positive value indicates the increase in inventory while a negative value indicates the decrea se in stock. The inventory includes the raw materials, fuels and reserve materia ls purchased by the production units as well as the inventory of finished produc ts, semi-finished products, work-in-progress, etc.

Net Export of Goods and Services refers to the differen ce of the exports of go ods and services minus the imports of goods and services. The imports include t he value of various goods and services sold or gratuitously transferred by the r esident units to the non-resident units. The imports include the value of variou s goods and services purchased or gratuitously acquired by the resident units fr om the non-resident units. Because the provision of services and the use of them happen simultaneously, the acquisition of services by the resident units from a broad is usually treated as import while the acquisition of services by non-resi dent units in this country is usually treated as export. The export and import o f goods are calculated at FOB.

Total Population refers to the total number of peop le alive at a certain point of time within a given area.

Urban Population and Rural Population Urban population refer to all people resi ding in cities and towns, while rural population refer to population other than urban population.

Statistics on urban and rural population over the years are compiled in line wit h the regulations of statistical classification on urban and rural population st ipulated by the government, which were in effect at different times. Figures on urban/rural population for the years between the 3 censuses are adjusted in accordance with the 1990 and 2000 population census data.

Birth Rate or (Crude Birth Rate) refers to the ratio of the number of births to the average population (or mid-period population) during a certain period of tim e (usually a year), expressed in ‰. Birth rate in the chapter refers to annual birth rate. The following formula is used:

Birth Rate = (Number of Births/Average Number of Population)×1000‰

Number of births in the formula refers to live births, i.e. when a baby has brea thed or showed any vital phenomena regardless of the length of pregnancy.

Annual average number of population is the average of the number of population a t the beginning of the year and that at the end of the year. Sometimes it is sub stituted by the mid-year population.

Death Rate (or Crude Death Rate) refers to the ratio of the number of deaths to the average population (or mid-period population) during a certain period of tim e (usually a year), expressed in ‰. Death rate in the chapter refers to annual death rate. The following formula is used: Death Rate= (Number of Deaths/Annual Average Number of Population)×1000‰

Natural Growth Rate of Population refers to the ratio o f natural increase in pop ulation (number of births minus number of deaths) in a certain period of time (u sually a year) to the average population (or mid-period population) of the same period, expressed in ‰. The following formula is applied:

Natural Growth Rate of Population =［(Number of Births-Number of Deaths)/Average Number of Population］×1000‰

Natural Growth Rate of Population = Birth Rate-Death Rate

Gross Dependency Ratio also called gross dependency c oefficient, refers to the ratio of non-working-age population to the working-age population, express in %. Describing in general the number of non-working-age population that every 100 p eople at working ages will take care of, this indicator reflects the basic relat ion between population and economic development from the demographic perspective . The gross dependency ratio is calculated with the following formula:

GDR= (P0-14+P65+)/P15-64×100%

Where: GDR is the gross dependency ratio

P0-14 is the population of children aged 0-14

P65+ is the elderly population aged 65 and over, and

P15-64 is the working-age population aged 15-64

Old Dependency Ratio also called old dependency coeffic ient, refers to the rati o of the elderly population to the working-age population, express in %. It desc ribes the number of the elderly population that every 100 people at working ages will take care of. Old dependency ratio is one of the indicators reflecting the social implication of population aging from the economic perspective. The old d ependency ratio is calculated with the following formula:

ODR=P65+/P15-64×100%

Where: ODR is the old dependency ratio

P65+ is the elderly population aged 65 and over, and

P15-64 is the working-age population aged 15-64

Children Dependency Ratio also called children dependency coefficient, refers to the ratio of the children population to the working-age population, express in %. It describes the number of children population that every 100 people at worki ng ages will take care of. The children dependency ratio is calculated with the following formula:

CDR=P0-14/P15-64×100%

Where:CDR is the children dependency ratio

P0-14 is the children population aged 0-14, and

P15-64is the working-age population aged 15-64

Economically Active Population refers to the population aged 16 and over who ar e capable to work, are participating in or willing to participate in economic ac tivities, including employed persons and unemployed persons.

Employed Persons refer to the persons who are engaged i n social working and rece ive remuneration payment or earn business income, including total staff and work ers, re-employed retirees, employers of private enterprises, self-employed worke rs, employees in private enterprises and individual economy, employees in townsh ip enterprises, employed persons in the rural areas, and other employed persons (including teachers in the schools run by the local people, people engaged in re ligious profession and the servicemen, etc.). This indicator reflects the actual utilization of total labour force during a certain period of time and is often used for the research on China's economic situation and national power.

Persons Employed in Various Units refer to all the per sons working in governme nt agencies of various levels, political and party organizations, social organiz ations, enterprises and institutions, and receiving wages or other forms of paym ent. They include fully-employed staff and workers, re-employed retirees, teache rs in schools run by the local people, foreigners and Chinese compatriots from H ong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan working in various units, part-time employees, emplo yees of other units working temporarily at current posts, and employees holding the second job, but exclude staff and workers who have left their working units while keeping their labour contract (employment relation) unchanged. This indica tor reflects the total number of laborers actually engaged in production or othe r operations in various units.

Persons Employed in Private Enterprises and Self-Employed Individuals in Urban A reas Persons employed in private enterprises refer to the persons employed in the private enterprises which have been registered at the departments of industr ial and commercial administration and are situated at a county town (i.e. a town where the county government is located) for business operation or at urban area s with the level higher than a county town. The self-employed individuals in urb an areas refer to persons who hold the certificates of residence in urban areas or have resided in the urban areas for a long time and have been registered at t he departments of industrial and commercial administration and approved to be en gaged in individual industrial or commercial business, including self-employed p ersons as well as helpers and hired labourers who work in the individual househo lds engaged in industrial or commercial business.

Registered Urban Unemployed Persons refer to the person s with non-agricultural household registration at certain working ages (16-50 years for male and 16-45 years for females), who are capable of work, unemployed and willing to work, and have been registered at the local employment service agencies to apply for a jo b.

Registered Urban Unemployment Rate refers to the ratio of the number of the re gistered unemployed persons to the sum of the number of persons employed in vari ous units (minus the rural labour force, retirees, and Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan or foreign employees they employ) laid-off workers in urban units, owners and em ployees in urban private enterprises, urban self-employed individuals and the re gistered urban unemployed persons. The formula is as follows:

Registered urban unemployment rate = number of registered urban unemployed perso ns÷(number of persons employed in urban units - rural labour force employed - r etirees employed - Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan or foreign employees employ + laid-o ff workers + owners and employees in urban private enterprises + self-employed i ndividuals in urban areas + registered urban unemployed persons) × 100%.

Staff and Workers refer to persons working in, and rece ive payment from units o f state ownership, collective ownership, joint ownership, share holding ownershi p, foreign ownership, and ownership by entrepreneurs from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan, and other types of ownership and their affiliated units. They do not inc lude 1) persons employed in township enterprises, 2) persons employed in private enterprises, 3) urban self-employed persons, 4) retirees, 5) re-employed retire es, 6) teachers in the schools run by the local people, 7) foreigners and person s from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan who work in urban units, and 8) other persons not to be included by relevant regulations. (Data of 1998 and afterward refer t o fully employed staff and workers. Other related statistics such as total wage bill and average wage are adjusted since 1998 accordingly).

State-owned Units refer to economic units whose assets are owne d by the state. Included are non-corporation units registered according to Regulation of the Peo ple's Republic of China on the Registration of Enterprises and Corporations, sta te organs, institutions and social organizations at the central and local levels .

Collective Units refer to economic units registered acc ording to Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Registration of Enterprises and Corporatio ns where the means of production are collectively owned.

Units of Other Types of Ownership refer to units regist ered with other types of ownership, including cooperative units, joint ownership units, limited companie s, share holding corporations, units invested by entrepreneurs from Hong Kong, M acao, and Taiwan, and foreign-invested units.

Fully Employed Staff and Workers refer to persons who w ork in, and receive wag es from their working units, as well as persons who have their work posts, but a re temporarily absent from work for reasons of study or on sick, injury or mater nal leave and still receive wages from their working units.

Total Wages Bill refer to the total remuneration paymen t to staff and workers i n various units during a certain period of time. The calculation of total wages is based on the total remuneration payment to the staff and workers. Therefore, all the wages and salaries and other payments to staff and workers are included in the total wages regardless of their sources, category, and forms (in kind or cash). (Total wages of staff and workers in this yearbook include only total wag es of fully employed staff and workers, excluding the living allowances distribu ted to those who have left their working units while keeping their labour contra ct/employment relation unchanged).

Average Wage refers to the average wage in money terms per person during a cert ain period of time for staff and workers in enterprises, institutions, and gover nment agencies, which reflects the general level of wage income during a certain period of time and is calculated as follows:

Average Wage = Total Wages of Staff and Workers at Reference Time /Average Numbe r of Staff and Workers at Reference Time.

Average Wage Indices refers to the ratio of average wag e of staff and workers i n the report period to that in the base period, which reflects the change of wag e of staff and workers at the different period. It is calculated as follows:

Average Wage Indices = Average Wage of Staff and Workers at Reference Time / Average Wage of Staff and Workers at Base Period x 100%

Average Real Wage Indices average real wage of staff and workers refers to the average wage of staff and workers after removing the effects of the price change s and average real wage indices of staff and workers refers to the change of rea l wage, which reflects the relative increasing or decreasing level of real wage of staff and workers, which is calculated as follows:

Average Real Wage Indices = Average Wage Indices of Staff and Workers at the Ref erence Time / Urban Consumer Price Indices at Reference Time x 100%

Total Investment in Fixed Assets in the Whole Country refers to the volume of activities in construction and purchases of fixed assets and related fees, expre ssed in monetary terms. It is a comprehensive indicator which shows the size, st ructure and growth of the investment in fixed assets, providing basis for observ ing the progress of construction projects and evaluating results of investment. Total investment in fixed assets in the whole country includes, by type of owner ship, the investment by the state-owned units, collective units, individuals, jo int ownership units, share-holding units, as well as investment by businessmen f rom foreign countries and from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and by other units.

Investment in Fixed Assets by Sector The classification of construction project s by sector is determined by the major products or the purpose of the projects w hen they are put into production or use, and by the nature of their social econo mic activities. The investment in capital construction is classified into differ ent sectors of the national economy by the nature of construction projects, whil e investment in innovation and other investment are classified according to the sector to which the whole enterprise or institution belongs. In general, one pro ject or one enterprise or institution can only be classified into one sector. In order to reflect more accurately the relation among various sectors, the branch factories of an integrated complex are classified into different sectors accord ing to the economic activities of the branch factories.

Investment in Fixed Assets by Type of Construction The construction projects in general can be classified, by the type of construction, into new construction, expansion, reconstruction, moving and restoration. However, investment by type o f construction is not applied to investment by real-estate development units, in vestment in rural areas and investment in housing by urban individuals. In capit al construction, the type of construction is determined by the nature of the pro ject. In investment in innovation, in other investment by state-owned units and investment by collective-owned units, the type of construction is determined by the condition of the whole enterprise or institutions.

(1) New construction in general refers to newly constructed enterprises, institu tions, administrative agencies or independent projects from scratch. Constructio n in the existing enterprises, institutions or agencies is not considered as new construction. In case the assets of the existing unit is quite small, and the v alue of newly added fixed assets exceeds the original value of assets by three t imes, the expansion will be considered as new construction.

(2) Expansion refers to construction of new major production workshop, branch fa ctory or independent production line within a factory or in other locations, for the purpose of increasing the production capacity (or improving efficiency) of the original products. Newly constructed houses for the operation of institution s and administrative organizations (such as the newly constructed buildings for teaching in schools, buildings for clinics or wards in hospitals, etc.) are also classified as expansion. Also included in the expansion are investments by existing enterprises or instit utions in building major production line(s) or branch factory(ies) along with so me work on innovation, for the purpose of expending the production capacity of o riginal products or producing new products.

(3) Reconstruction refers to innovation or technical transformation of the exist ing facilities (including auxiliary production equipment and welfare facilities) , without building major new workshops or branch factories. Also considered as reconstruction is the construction of new workshops by the existing enterprises or institutions for improving the existing production capacity (improving or cha nging the variety of products to meet the market demand), rather than increasing the designed capacity of the main products.

Investment in Fixed Assets by Structure By their contents investment activitie s are classified into 3 categories, i.e. construction and installation, purchase of equipment and instrument, and other expenses.

(1) Construction and installation (work volume of construction and installation) refers to the construction of various houses and buildings and installation of various kinds of equipment and instruments. They include construction of various houses; equipment foundations, industrial kilns and stoves, and metal structure work; preparation works for project construction, and clearing up works post pr oject construction; pavement of railways and roads, drilling of mines and puttin g up of oil pipes; construction of projects of water conservancy; construction o f underground air-raid shelters and construction of other special projects; valu e of equipment for heating, sanitation, ventilation, lighting, gas, painting, et c. that are covered by the budget of housing projects; laying out of various pip elines (for steam, compressed air, petroleum, tap water and sewage) and lines fo r electric power and for communications; installation of various machinery equip ment, testing operation for pre-testing the quality of installation projects, an d land and other development work conducted by real estate developers for commer cial housing. The value of equipment installed is not included in the value of i nstallation projects.

(2) Purchase of equipment and instruments refers to the total value of equipment , tools, and instruments purchased or self-produced which come up to standards f or fixed assets by the construction units or investing enterprises or institutio ns. Equipment, tools and instruments purchased or self-produced for new workshop s by newly established or expanded units are categorized as "purchase of equipme nt and instruments" no matter whether they come up to the standards for fixed as sets.

(3) Other expenses refer to expenses occurring during the construction or purcha se of fixed assets other than those mentioned above.

Capital Construction Projects by Size The classification of size of capital con struction projects should be determined according to the total scale or total in vestment set in the approved construction plan by higher responsible authorities or in the tentative design, otherwise according to the total scale or total inv estment set in the current capital construction plan of the state, provinces, au tonomous regions, and municipalities directly under central government. Industri al projects which produce unitary products are classified according to its desig n capacity of products; projects which produce multi-products are classified by the design capacity of the major product or by the total planned investment. Sta ndards for the Classification of Construction Projects into large, medium-sized and small ones issued by the government are the base for size division of constr uction projects, which was revised five times in 1958, 1962, 1972, 1977, and 197 9 respectively and therefore, data on projects by size are not entirely comparab le from year to year.

Projects under Construction refer to projects with construction and installation activities undertaken in the reference period. All projects that have construc tion activities undertaken during the reference period are reported as projects under construction irrespective of the length of construction work. The number o f projects under construction can reflect the actual size of investment in fixed assets during a given period, and when compared with the number of projects com pleted and put into use during the same period, it demonstrates the results of i nvestment in fixed assets. Depending on the nature of construction activities, p rojects under construction can also be classified into projects under constructi on in current year, winding-up projects in current year and stopped or suspended projects in previous years (with preservation work in current year).

Total Energy Production refers to the total production of primary energ y by all energy producing enterprises in the country in a given period of time. It is a c omprehensive indicator to show the capacity, scale, composition and development of energy production of the country. The production of primary energy includes t hat of coal, crude oil, natural gas, hydropower and electricity generated by nuc lear energy and other means such as wind power and geothermal power. However, it excludes the production of fuels of low calorific value, bio-energy, solar ener gy and the secondary energy converted from the primary energy.

Total Domestic Energy Consumption refers to the total c onsumption of energy of v arious kinds by material production sectors, non-material production sectors and households in the country in a given period of time. It is a comprehensive indi cator to show the scale, composition and development of energy consumption. The total energy consumption includes that of coal, crude oil and their products, na tural gas and electricity. However, it excludes the consumption of fuel of low c alorific value, bio-energy and solar energy. Total domestic energy consumption c an be divided into three parts:

(1)Final Energy Consumption: It refers to the total energy consumption by materi al production sectors, non-material production sectors and households in the cou ntry (region) in a given period of time, but excludes the consumption in convers ion of the primary energy into the secondary energy and the loss in the process of energy conversion.

(2)Loss During the Process of Energy Conversion: It refers to the total input of various kinds of energy for conversion, minus the total output of various kinds of energy in the country in a given period of time. It is an indicator to show the loss that occurs during the process of energy conversion.

(3)Loss: It refers to the total of the loss of energy during the course of energ y transport, distribution and storage and the loss caused by any objective reaso n in a given period of time. The loss of various kinds of gas due to gas dischar ges and stocktaking is excluded.

Elasticity Ratio of Energy Production is an indicator to show the relationship between the growth rate of energy production and the growth rate of the national economy. The formula is:

Elasticity Ratio of Energy Production = Average Annual Growth Rate of Energy Pro duction／Average Annual Growth Rate of National Economy

The average annual growth rate of the national economy can be shown by the gross national product, gross domestic product and other indicators, depending upon t he purposes or needs. The gross domestic product is used in calculation of the r atio in this chapter.

Government Revenue refers to the revenue of the gov ernment finance by mea ns of participating in the distribution of the social products, which is the financial resources for ensuring the government to function. The contents of government r evenue have been changed several times. Now it includes the following main items :

(1) Various tax revenues, including value added tax, business tax, consumption t ax, land value added tax, tax on city maintenance and construction, resources ta x, tax on use of urban land, enterprise income tax, personal income tax, tariff, stamp tax on security transactions, tax on purchase of motor vehicles, tax on a griculture and animal husbandry and tax on occupancy of cultivated land, etc.

(2) Special revenues, including revenues from the fee on sewage treatment, fee o n urban water resources, fee for the compensation of mineral resources and extra -charges for education, etc.

(3) Other revenues, including revenue from interest, revenue from the repayment of capital construction loan, revenue from capital construction projects, and do nations and grants.

(4) Subsidies for the losses of the state-owned enterprises. This is an item of negative revenue, consisting of subsidies to industrial, commercial and grain pu rchasing and supply enterprises.

Government Expenditure refers to the distribution and use of th e funds the gove rnment finance has raised, so as to meet the needs of economic construction and various causes. It includes the following main items:

(1) Expenditure for capital construction: It refers to the non-gratuitous use an d appropriation of funds for capital construction in the range of capital constr uction, outlay of capital as well as the loans on capital construction approved by the government for special purpose or policy purpose and the expenditure with discount paid in an overall way within the amount of the funds appropriated to the departments for capital construction.

(2) Innovation funds of the enterprises: They refer to the funds appropriated fr om the government budget for the enterprises to tap the latent power, upgrade th e technology and carry out innovation, including the innovation fund of the depa rtments, loan of the enterprises for innovation, subsidies on the innovation of the small fertilizer plant, small cement plant, small coal mines, small machiner y plant and small steel plant, the expenditure of interest for the loan for inno vation.

(3) Geological prospecting expenses: They refer to the expenses appropriated fro m the government budget to the geological prospecting units for the expenditure of the prospecting work, including the expenditures of the administrative agenci es for geological prospecting and their institutional units as well as the geolo gical prospecting expenditure.

(4) expenditures for science and technology promotion: They refer to the expens es appropriated from the government budget for the scientific and technological expenditure, including new products development expenditure, expenditure for int ermediate trial and subsidies on important scientific researches.

(5) Expenditure for supporting rural production: It refers to the expenditures a ppropriated from the government budget for supporting the various expenditures o f the rural collective units or households for production, including the subsidi es to the small water conservancy projects and well drilling, sprinkling irrigat ion projects run by the villages; subsidies on the rural water and soil conservi ng measures; subsidies to the small power stations run by the villages; subsidie s to the expenditure for fighting against particularly severe draughts; subsidie s on the rural waste land exclamation; fund for supporting the township enterpri ses; fund for supporting rural cooperative production organizations, subsidies t o the expenditure for popularization of the agricultural technologies and plant protection in the rural areas; subsidies to the expenditure for the protection o f grasslands and cattle and fowls; subsidies on afforestation and forest protect ion in rural areas; subsidies on the rural aquatic products industry; special fu nd for developing grain production.

(6) Operating expenses of the departments of farming, forestry, water conservanc y and meteorology etc.: They refer to the expenses appropriated from the governm ent budget for the expenditures of agricultural exclamation, farms, agriculture, animal husbandry, agricultural machinery, forestry, timber industry, water cons ervancy, aquatic products industry, meteorology, technology popularization in to wnship enterprises, popularization (demonstration) of improved varieties, plant (cattle and fowls, forest) protection, water quality monitoring, prospecting and designing, resources investigation, cadres training, subsidies to horticulture gardens, expenditure of specialized secondary schools, subsidies on the experime nts of sowing herbage seeds by flights, expenditures of afforestation agencies a nd meteorology agencies, expenses for fishery administration and operating expen ses for agricultural administration, etc.

(7) Operating expenses of the departments of industry, transport and commerce: T hey refer to the expenses appropriated from the government budget to cover the e xpenditure on salaries and operational expenditure of the departments of industr y, transport and commerce for the expenditure of business development, including expenses for prospecting and designing, expenditures of specialized secondary s chools, expenditures of the technical training schools and expenditures for cadr es training, etc.

(8) Operating expenses of the departments of culture, education, science and pu blic health: They refer to the expenses appropriated from the government budget for the expenditures on salaries and operational expenditure of the causes of cu lture, publication, cultural relics, education, public health, traditional Chine se medical science, free medical services, sports, archives, earthquake, ocean, communications, broadcasting, film and television, family planning; expenditure for training of cadres of government, party and mass organization; expenditures for natural sciences, social sciences, associations for science and technology a nd the special expenditure for the high-tech researches. They include mainly wag es, extra wages, welfare funds, pension for the retirees, stipend, expenses for official business, expenses for equipment purchases, expenses for repairs, busin ess expenses and subsidies to the units which are unable to support their expend itures by their own earnings.

(9) Pension for the disabled or for the families of the bereaved and relief fund s for social welfare: They refer to the funds appropriated from the government b udget for the expenditures of pension for the disabled or for the families of th e bereaved and relief funds for social welfare, including the lump-sum or regula r pension paid by the departments of civil affairs to the members of martyrs fam ilies and families of those who died for the public interest, pension to the rev olutionary disabled, subsidies for permanent disability of various kinds, subsid ies to the military martyrs dependents and the demobilized servicemen, expenditu re for settling down the demobilized servicemen, operating expenses of the conso ling institutions, expenses for management and repair of the commemorative build ings for the martyrs, the expenses managed by the departments of civil affairs f or the retirees and those who have quitted their work, expenses for social relie f in rural and urban areas, operating expenses for providing relief to the areas of natural calamity and subsidies on the reconstruction after the particularly severe natural calamities, etc.

(10) Expenditure on retirees: It refers to the expenditure on retirees of govern ment agencies and institutions that are covered by the state budget.

(11) Expenses on subsidies to social security system: It refers to expenditure f rom the state budget for subsidies to social security system, including subsidie s to the social insurance fund, subsidies to promoting employment, subsidies to laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises, supplement to national social secur ity funds, etc.

(12) Expenditures for national defence: They refer to the funds appropriated fro m the government budget for the expenditures for building up national defence an d safeguarding national security, including expenses of national defence, expens es of scientific researches on national defence, expenses for building up people s militia and expenditure for special projects, etc.

(13) Administrative expenses: They include expenditure for administration, subsi dies to the parties and mass organizations, diplomatic expenditure, expenditure for public security, judicial expenditure, law court expenditure, procuratorial expenditure and subsidies to the expenses for treating the cases by the public s ecurity departments, procuratorial organs and law courts.

(14) Expenditure on policy-related subsidies: It refers to the expenditure appro priated, with the approval of the government, from the state budget for price su bsidies on such products as grain, cotton and edible oil. More specifically, it includes subsidies to the difference between the selling prices and purchasing p rices of grains, cotton and edible oil, subsidies for curtaining prices and for sugar reserve, subsidies to the difference between the selling prices and purcha sing prices of means pf agricultural production, risk fund for grains, risk fund for non-staple food, risk fund for local production of coal, etc.

(15) Expenditure on interest of debts: It refers to expenses from the state budg et on paying interest of domestic and foreign debts.

Revenue of the central government and revenue of the local governments: refers to the revenue of the central government and that of the local governments as de fined by the decentralized taxation system starting from 1994. In accordance wit h this system, the revenue of the central government includes tariff, consumptio n tax and value added tax levied by the customs, consumption tax, income tax of the enterprises subordinate to the central government, income taxes of the local banks, foreign-funded banks and non-bank financial institutions, business tax a nd profits of railways, head offices of banks, head office of insurance company , which are handed over to the government in a centralized way, tax on city main tenance and construction, tax on purchasing motor vehicles, tonnage tax of ships , 75% of the value added tax, 94% of the tax on stock dealing (stamp tax), inter est income tax in the personal income tax, proportion of the personal income tax (other that interest income tax) to be shared by the central government, and ta x on ocean petroleum resources,. The revenue of the local governments includes b usiness tax, income tax of the enterprises subordinate to the local government, proportion of the personal income tax (other that interest income tax) to be sha red by the central government, tax on the use of urban land, tax on the adjustme nt of the investment in fixed assets, tax on town maintenance and construction, tax on real estates, tax on the use of vehicles and ships, stamp tax, slaughter tax, tax on agriculture and animal husbandry, tax on special agricultural produc ts, tax on the occupancy of cultivated land, contract tax, value-added tax on la nd, income from charges on use of state-owned land, 25% of the value added tax, 6% of the tax on stock dealing (stamp tax) and tax on resources other than the o cean petroleum resources.

Expenditure of the central government and expenditure of the local governments: according to the different functions of the central g overnment and local govern ments in the economic and social activities, the rights of affairs administratio n are classified between the central government and local governments; and the c lassification of the expenditure between the central government and local govern ments are made on the basis of the classification of the rights of affairs admin istration between them. The expenditure of the central government includes the e xpenditure for national defence, expenditure for armed police forces, the admini strative expenses and various operating expenses at the level of central governm ent, expenditure for key projects and the expenditure of the central government for adjusting the national economic structure, coordinating the development amon g different regions and exercising the macro-economic regulation and control. Th e expenditure of the local governments includes mainly the administrative expens es and various operating expenses at the level of local governments, the expendi ture for capital construction and technological innovation with the funds raised by the local government, expenditure for supporting rural production, expenditu re for city maintenance and construction and expenditure for price subsidies, etc.

Extra-budgetary revenue and expenditure Extra-budgetary fund refers to financia l fund of various types not covered by the regular government budgetary manageme nt, which is collected, allocated or arranged by government agencies, institutio ns and social organizations while performing duties delegated to them or on beha lf of the government in accordance with laws, rules and regulations. It mainly c overs following items: administrative and institutional fees, governmental funds and extra charges that are stipulated by laws and regulations; administrative a nd institutional fees approved by the State Council and provincial governments a nd their financial and planning (price management) departments; governmental fun ds and extra charges established by the State Council and the Ministry of Financ e; funds turned over to competent departments by their subordinate institutions; self-raised and collected funds by township governments for their own expenditu re; and other financial funds that are not covered in budgetary management. Soci al security funds are treated as extra-budget fund and managed for its exclusive use, given the circumstance that separate government budgetary system for socia l security is yet to be designed. Special accounts are opened by the financial d epartments in banks for the management of revenue and expenditure of extra-budge tary fund. Extra-budgetary revenue and expenditure is managed separately, namely , revenue of institutions and departments must enter into the special accounts o f the financial departments at the same administrative level, and their extra-bu dgetary expenditure is arranged in line with the extra-budget plans and appropri ated from these accounts.

Credit Funds refer to the funds issued as loans by bank ing institutions. The sources of credit funds of the banking institutions included deposits, issue of financial bonds, account-payable and temporary gathering, liabilities to int ernational financial institutions, currency in circulation, various reserves, ow ners' rights and interests and other items. The credit funds can be used in form s of loans, securities and investment, account receivable and advance payment, e ntrusted investment, gold, foreign exchange, cash on hand, government debt and a ssets in the international financial institutions.

Deposit is a form of credit by which enterprises, insti tutions, organizations or households can put money into banks and other credit institutions for safekee ping and interest earning under the principle of free withdrawal. According to d ifferent depositors, deposits are divided into enterprise deposits, treasury dep osits, deposits of government agencies and organizations, capital construction d eposits, savings deposits, rural saving deposits, entrusted deposits and other d eposits. Deposits are major sources of the credit funds of banks.

Loan is a form of credit by which banks and other credi t institutions provide funds at certain interest rate to enterprises and individuals in the light of th e principle of unconditional repayment. Loans from Chinese banks include circula ting capital loans, fixed assets loans, loans to urban and rural individuals eng aged in industrial and commercial business and agricultural loans.

Insurance Companies refer to commercial insurance compa nies of various forms re gistered by law and established in China with the approval of insurance regulato ry agencies.

Amount Insured refers to the maximum that the insurant will get for the claim of the case insured.

Premium is the fee paid by the insurant to the insurer to obta in the obligation of compensation from the insurance within the agreed terms. Settled Claim is the compensation paid by the insurer to the insurant in accor dance with the insurance contract.

Payment includes payment for death, injury or medical t reatment and mature pay ment. Payment for death, injury or medical treatment refers to the money paid to the insurant (or the beneficiary) in accordance with the life or health insuran ce contract when the insurant encounters accidents within the insured period cov ered in the contract. Mature payment refers to the mature payment to the insuran t in accordance with the life insurance contract at the end of the insured period.

Consumer Price Indices reflect the trend and degr ee of changes in prices of con sumer goods and services purchased by urban and rural residents, and is a compos ite indices derived from the urban consumer price indices and the rural consumer price indices. Consumer price indices can be used to analyze the impact of cons umer price change on actual expenditure for living cost of urban and rural residents.

Urban Consumer Price Indices reflect the trend and degr ee of changes in prices of consumer goods and services purchased by urban households during a given peri od. It can be used to observe and analyze the impact of price changes in consume r goods and services on wages (in monetary terms) of staff and workers, and prov ide basis for policy-making concerning the living cost and wages of staff and workers.

Rural Consumer Price Indices reflect the trend and degr ee of changes in prices of consumer goods and services purchased by rural households during a given peri od. It can be used to observe the impact of change in retail prices of consumer goods and service prices in rural areas on living expenditure of rural household s, and to show the changes in the living standard of peasants. It provides basis for analysis and research on condition of life in rural areas.

Retail Price Indices reflect the trend and degree o f change in retail p rices of commodities during a given period. The change in retail prices of commodities d irectly affect the living expenditure of urban and rural residents, government r evenue, purchasing power of residents and the equilibrium of market supply and d emand, and the ratio of consumption to accumulation. Therefore, the retail price indices are useful to analyze the changes of the above economic activities.

Price Indices of Means of Agricultural Production reflect the trend and degree of changes in prices of means of agricultural production during a given period. Price indices of means of agricultural production are composed of 8 categories i ncluding small farm tools, feeds, young domestic animals and poultries, semi-mec hanized farm machinery, mechanized farm machinery, chemical fertilizers, pestici des and spraying machinery, fuels for farm machinery. Compilation of these indic es help to understand the changes in prices of input into agricultural productio n and facilitate the compilation of national account statistics. Before 1994, pr ice indices of means of agricultural production was a sub-category in the in the retail price indices of commodities, and it has been compiled separately since 1994.

Indices of Producers' Prices for Farm Products reflect the trend and degree of changes in producers' prices received by farmers when they sell farm products du ring a given period. These indices depict the change in the level and structure of producers' prices of farm products of the country and meet the needs of agric ulture statistics and national account statistics. The producers' price index of a given product is calculated through geometrical mean of individual indices of all surveyed units who sell such product, and the indices of a product category is obtained through weighted mean of price indices of all products in the categ ory. Method for calculating accumulative quarterly indices is the same as for ca lculating the distinctive quarterly indices.

Ex-factory Price Indices of Industrial Products reflect the trend and degree of changes in general ex-factory prices of all industrial products during a given period, including sales of industrial products by an industrial enterprise to al l units outside the enterprise, as well as sales of consumer goods to residents. It can be used to analyze the impact of ex-factory prices on gross output value and value-added of the industrial sector.

Indices of Purchasing Prices of Raw Materials, Fuels and Power reflect changes in the level and degree of prices paid by industrial enterprises when they purch ase production input such as raw materials, fuels and power from the market or f rom other energy or raw materials producing enterprises. These indices provide i mportant basis for measuring the material consumption of industrial enterprises after removing influence of price changes.

At present, over 900 products in 9 categories, including fuels a nd power, ferrou s metals, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, building materials, are covered in Chin a for the survey to produce indices of purchasing prices of raw materials, fuels and power.

Price Indices of Investment in Fixed Assets reflect the trend and degree of cha nges in prices of investment goods and projects in fixed assets during a given p eriod. The investment in fixed assets consists of three components, namely the i nvestment in construction and installation, the investment in purchases of equip ment and instrument, and the investment in other items. Price indices of investm ent in fixed assets are calculated as the weighted arithmetic mean of the price indices of the three components of investment in fixed assets.

Removing the factor of price change in the aggregates of investment at current p rices, this indicator shows the changes in the prices of commodities and fees in volved in the investment of fixed assets, and can be used to observe the actual size, growth, structure, and efficiency of investment in fixed assets and provid es reliable and scientific data for government planning, management, decision-ma king, and further improving the current national accounting system.

I. Urban Households

Population of urban households refer to members of the household living and sh aring economically together. All income and expenditure of the population of the household are included in the income and expenditure of the household.

Proportion of urban employment refer to the proportion of employed population to the population of urban households.

Number of dependents per urban employee refers to the ratio between number of p ersons in urban households and the number of dependents.

Total Income of Urban Households refers to the sum of w age and salary, net busi ness income, income from properties, and income from transfers of members of the households, excluding income from selling of properties and income from borrowings.

Disposable Income of Urban Households refers to the act ual income at the dispos al of members of the households which can be used for final consumption, other non-compulsory expenditure and savings. This equals to total income minus income tax, personal contribution to social security and sample household subsidy for k eeping dairies. Following formula is used:

Disposable income = total household income - income tax - personal contribution to social security - sample household subsidy for keeping dairies

Total expenditure of Urban Households refer to all expe nditure of the household s except expenditure on leading. It includes expenditure on consumption, on purc hasing or building houses, on transfers, on properties and on social security.

Consumption Expenditure of Urban Households refers to t otal expenditure of the sample households for consumption in daily life, including expenditure on eight categories such as food, clothing, household appliances and services, health ca re and medical services, transport and communications, recreation, education and cultural services, housing, miscellaneous goods and services.

Expenditure of Urban Households on Consumption of Services refers to expenditure of households on services of various kinds provided by the society.

Urban Households by Income Group All households in the sample are grouped, by per capita disposable income of the household, into groups of lowest income, low income, lower middle income, middle income, upper middle income, high income and highest income, each group consisting of 10%, 10%, 20%, 20%, 20%, 10% and 10% o f all households respectively. The lowest 5% of households are also referred to as poor households.

Engel Coefficient refers to the percentage of expenditu re on food in the total consumption expenditure, using the following formula:

Engel Coefficient = (expenditure on food / total consumption expenditure) x 100%

II. Rural Households

Rural Households refer to resident households in rural areas. Resident househol ds in rural areas are the households residing for more than one year in the area s under the jurisdiction of administration of township governments (excluding co unty towns), and in the areas under the jurisdiction of administration of villag es in county towns. Migrated households residing in the current addresses for ov er one year with their household registration in other places are included in th e resident households of their current addresses. For households with their hous ehold registration in one place but all members of the households moving away fo r living in another place for over one year, they will not be included in the ru ral households of the area where they are registered, irrespective of whether th ey still keep their contracted land.

Resident Population refers to population staying at hom e permanently or for ove r 6 months during a year and sharing life economically with the household. Membe rs of the household staying away from the household for over 6 months but keepin g a close economic relation with the household by sending the majority of income to the household are regarded as resident population of the household. Governme nt staff and workers or retirees living as close members of the household are al so considered as resident population. However, servicemen, students of secondary technical schools or schools of higher education and persons with stable jobs a nd residence outside the household (excluding those visiting relatives or seekin g medical service) are not included as resident population of the household. Res ident population is used in calculating income, consumption, accumulation on per capita basis of rural households and in analyzing composition of rural households.

Full/Semi Labour Force Full labour force refers to pers ons capable of work, age d 18-50 for males and 18-45 for females. Semi labour force refers to persons cap able of work, aged 16-17 and 51-60 for males and 16-17 and 46-55 for females. Pe rsons at their working ages but not capable of work are not to be included as la bour force. Persons not at working ages but participating regularly in work are included in semi labour force. For staff and workers as resident population of t he household, they are included as full or semi labour force of the household if they are in the labour force.

Total Income refers to the sum of income earned from various so urces by the rur al households and their members during the reference period, and is classified a s income from wages and salaries, income from household operations, income from properties and income from transfers.

Income from Wages and Salaries refers to income from la bour ear ned by the members of rural households employed by other units or individuals.

Income from Household Operations refers to income by the rural househol ds as un its of production and operations. Operations by rural households are classified by economic activities as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, manu facturing, construction, transportation, post and telecommunications, wholesale, retail and catering, social service, culture, education, health, and other hous ehold operations.

Income from Properties refers to the income received as returns by owners of fi nancial assets or tangible non-productive assets by providing capitals or tangib le non-productive assets to other institutional units.

Income from Transfers refers to the receipt by rural ho useholds and their membe rs of goods, services, capitals or rights of assets without giving or repaying a ccordingly, excluding capitals provided to them for the formation of fixed asset s. In general, it refers to all income received by rural households through redi stribution.

Cash Income refers to income received by rural househol ds and their members in the form of cash during the reference period. It is classified, by source of inc ome, into income from wages and salaries, cash income from household operations , income from properties and income from transfers

Net Income refers to the total income of rural househol ds from all sources minu s all corresponding expenses. The formula for calculation is as follows:

Net income = total income - household operation expenses - taxes and fees - depr eciation of fixed assets for production - subsidy for participating in household survey - gifts to non-rural relatives Net income is mainly used as input for re production and as consumption expenditure of the year, and also used for savings and non-compulsory expenses of various forms. “Per capita net income of farmer s” is the level of net income averaged b y population which reflects the average income level of rural households in a gi ven area.

Production Capacity of Water Supply refers to the d esigned comprehensive produc tion capacity of water facilities, covering the 4 links of water collection, pur ification, conveyance, and outflow through trunk pipelines. Increase capacity th rough transformation and innovation projects are included as well. The capacity is determined mainly on the weakest of the above-mentioned 4 links.

Length of Water Supply Pipelines at the Year-end refers to the total length of all the pipelines between the water pumps and the user's water meters, excluding pipelines newly installed but not used yet.

Annual Volume of Water Supply refers to the total volum e of water supplied by w ater-works (units) during the reference period, including both the effective wat er supply and loss during the water supply.

Consumption of Water for Residential Use refers to the water consumption of hou seholds for daily life and the water consumption of public service facilities. T he latter refers to water consumption for urban public services, including the c onsumption of government agencies and public institutions, military barracks, pu blic facilities, wholesale and retail outlets, restaurants, hotels, and other un its providing public services. Household water consumption refers to consumption of water for daily life of all households in the boundary of cities, including households of urban residents and farmers, and public water supply stations.

Percentage of Urban Population with Access to Tap Water refers to the ratio of t he urban population with access to tap water to the total urban population. The formula is:

Percentage of population with access to tap water= (Urban population with access to tap water) / (Urban population)×100%

Production Capacity of Gaswork Gas refers to the comprehensive production capac ity of the urban gasworks in gas generation, purification and delivery at the en d of the reference period, excluding capacity of the reserved facilities. In gen eral, it is determined by the designed capacity, and when actual production capa city is larger than the designed capacity, the capacity is determined by the act ual measurement on the weakest link in the production, purification and delivery .

Length of Gas Pipelines refers to the total length of p ipelines in use between the outlet of the compressor of gas-work or outlet of gas stations and the leadi ng pipe of users, excluding pipelines within gasworks, delivery stations, LPG st orage stations, refilling stations, gas-mixing stations and supply stations.

Volume of Gas Supply refers to the total volume of gas provided to users by gas -producing enterprises (units) in a year, including the volume sold and the volu me lost.

Percentage of Urban Population with Access to Gas refers to the ratio of the urban population with access to gas to the total urban population at the end of th e reference period. The formula is:

Percentage of population with access to gas = (Urban population with access to g as / Urban population) x 100%

Heating Capacity in Urban Area refers to the designed c apacity of heating enter prises (units) in supplying heating energy to urban users during the reference period.

Quantity of Heat Supplied in Urban Area refers to the t otal quantity of heat fr om steam and hot water supplied to urban users by heating enterprises (units) du ring the reference period.

Length of Heating Pipelines refers to the total length of steam or hot water pi pelines for sources of heat to the leading pipelines of the buildings of the use rs, excluding internal pipelines in heat generating enterprises.

Length of Paved Roads at the Year-end refers to the len gth of roads with paved surface including squares bridges and tunnels connected with roads by the end of the year. Length of the roads is measured by the central lines for vehicles fo r paved roads with a width of 3.5 meters and over, including roads in open-ended factory compounds and residential quarters.

Urban Bridges refer to bridges built to cross over natu ral or man-made barriers , including bridges over rivers, overpasses for traffic and for pedestrian, unde rpasses for pedestrian, etc. Both permanent and semi-permanent bridges are included.

Length of Urban Sewage Pipes refers to the total length of general drainage, tr unks. branch and inspection wells, connection wells, inlets and outlets, etc.

Daily Disposal Capacity of Urban Sewage refers to the d esigned 24 hour capacity of sewage disposal by the sewage treatment works or facilities.

Number of Vehicles under Operation at the Year-end refers to the total number o f vehicles under operation by public transport enterprises (units) at the end of the year, based on the records of operational vehicles by the enterprises (units).

Area of Urban Gardens and Green Areas refers to the tot al area occupied for gre en projects at the end of the reference period, including public green land, gre en land in residential quarters, green land attached to institutions, protection green land, production green land, roadside green land and forest in scenic spo ts. It does not include the following:

(1) Greenery and plants on roofs, balconies, indoors and vertical green areas;

(2) Forest, cultivated land, grassland, orchards and bamboo grooves that are for production purpose; and

(3) Water areas that are not included in urban master plan as green land.

Public Green Area refers to green areas open to the pub lic such as municipal, community and neighborhood parks and roadside parks, including waters within park s. Neighborhood parks should occupy an area larger than 10,000 square meters, an d the width of roadside parks should occupy an area larger than 400 square meter s, with a width of more that 8 meters.

Gross Output Value of Farming, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery refers to the total value of products of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and total value of services rendered to support farming, forestry, animal husba ndry and fishery activities. It reflects the total scale and results of agricult ural production during a given period. Prior to 1957, Chinas gross agricultural output value included barnyard manure and handicraft products for self-consumpti on (clothes, shoes, stockings, and initial grain processing undertaken by peasan ts). Since 1958, cutting and felling of bamboo and trees by villages and other c ooperative organizations under villages have been included in forestry; value of barnyard manure has been excluded from animal husbandry; self consumed handicra fts has been excluded from sideline occupations, while the output value of indus tries run by villages and cooperative organizations under village had been incl uded in sideline occupations and the output value of fish catches by motor fishi ng boats has been added to fishery. Since 1980, the value of handicraft products made for sale by individuals in households had been added to sideline occupatio ns. Since 1984, industries run by villages and under villages have been included in the sector of industry. Since 1993, the subdivision of sideline occupations has been canceled, and the hunting of wild animals has been classified into anim al husbandry, and the gathering of wild plants and commodity industry run by rur al household have been included in farming. A new industrial classification of e conomic activities was introduced in 2003. Under the new classification, value o f services to farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is included in the gross output value of agriculture, value of wood felling and transport is inclu ded in forestry, value of industrial output by rural households is not included in agriculture, and the collection of wild forest products is taken from agricul ture and included in the forestry. The first agriculture census of China reveale d some discrepancy between the production of animal products from the annual rep orts and that from the census. Efforts were made by the Rural Socio-economic Sur vey Organization of NBS to adjust the output value of animal husbandry to make t he figures from the annual reports consistent with the census data.

Gross output value of agriculture is obtained by first multiplying the output of each product or by product by its price, resulting in the output value of each single item. For a small number of products, annual output of which is not avail able or difficult to get due to the long production (growing) process involved, the output value is estimated through an indirect approach. The sum of output va lue of all products of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is then e qual to the gross output value of agriculture.

Grain Output refers to the total output in the whole coun try including grains p roduced by state farms, collective units, rural households, as well as by farms affiliated to industrial and mining enterprises and other production units. Grai n includes rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, millet and other miscellaneous grains as well as tubers and bean. Output of beans refers to dry beans without pods. The o utput of tubers (sweet potatoes and potatoes, not including taros and cassava) w as converted into that of grain at the ratio 4:1, i.e. 4 kilograms of fresh tube rs was equivalent to 1 kilogram of grain up to 1963. Since 1964 the ratio for co nversion has been 5:1. Tubers supplied as vegetables (such as potatoes) in citie s and suburbs are calculated as fresh vegetables and their output is not include d in the output of grain. Output of all other grains refers to husked grain.

Output of Oil-bearing Crops refers to the total product ion of oil-bearing crops of various kinds, including peanuts, (dry, in shell) rapeseeds, sesame, sunflow er seeds, flax seeds, and other oil-bearing crops. Soybeans, oil-bearing woody p lants, and wild oil-bearing crops are not included.

Output of Aquatic Products refers to catches of both ar tificially cultured and naturally grown aquatic products, including fish, shrimps, crabs and shellfish i n sea and inland water as well as seaweed. Freshwater plants are not included. Output of Pork, Beef, and Mutton refers to the meat of slaughtered hogs, cattl e, sheep and goats with head, feet, and offal taken away.

Number of Livestock or Poultry in Stock at Beginning (or End) refers to the tota l number of large animals, pigs, sheep, fowls, etc. raised by rural cooperative organizations, state farms, rural individuals, government agencies, schools, ind ustrial and mining enterprises, army, and urban residents at the beginning (or e nd) of the reference period. Data reporting system and data adjustment are the s ame as that in the output of pork, beef and mutton.

Regularly Cultivated Land refers to farmland among the total land resources, whi ch is exclusively used for farming and is under regular cultivation with harvest in normal years. Included are currently cultivated land, land that has been aba ndoned or put in idle for less than 3 years and could be re-used for cultivation at any time, and new-claimed land that has been put into cultivation for more t han 3 years. According to statistical coverage, it includes the gouges, dykes, r oads and ridges of field with 1 meter wide in Southern areas and 2 meters wide i n Northern areas. Excluded under this category are steep slope land over 25 degr ees under temporary cultivation, land (large or small plots) that is claimed alo ng river bends, lake sides or banks of reservoirs, as well as land that has been designated under the "Green for Grain" programmes of the state and provincial g overnments but is still temporarily under cultivation. The regularly cultivated land is the key protection land of the nation, an important indicator reflecting the comprehensive productivity of agriculture of China.

Sown Area of Crops refers to area of land sown or trans planted with crops regar dless of being in cultivated area or non-cultivated area. Area of land re-sown d ue to natural disasters is also included. This is an important indicator that ca n reflect the utilization condition of the cultivated land in China.

Irrigated Area refers to areas that are effectively irr igated, i.e. level land, which has water source and complete sets of irrigation facilities to lift and m ove adequate water for irrigation purpose under normal conditions. Under normal conditions, irrigated area is the sum of watered fields and irrigated fields whe re irrigation systems or equipment have been installed for regular irrigation pu rpose. This important indicator reflects drought resistance capacity of the cult ivated land in China.

Consumption of Chemical Fertilizers in Agriculture refers to the quantity of che mical fertilizers applied in agriculture in the year, including nitrogenous fert ilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, and compound fertilizer. The co nsumption of chemical fertilizers is required in calculation to convert the gros s weight into weight containing 100% effective component (e.g. 100% nitrogen con tent in nitrogenous fertilizer, 100% phosphorous pent oxide contents in phosphat e fertilizer, 100% potassium oxide contents in potash fertilizer). Compound fert ilizer is converted with its major component. The formula is :

Volume of effective component= physical quantity x effective com ponent of certain chemical fertilizer (%)

Total Power of Farm Machinery refers to total mechanica l power of machinery us ed in farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, including ploughing, irr igation and drainage, harvesting, transport, plant protection, stock breeding, f orestry and fishery. The power of internal combustion engines is required to con vert horsepower into watts and the power of electric motors is required to be co nverted into watts. Machinery employed for non-agricultural purposes, such as th e machines used in township run and village-run industry, construction, non-agri cultural transport, scientific experiments and teaching, is excluded. Data are m ainly from agricultural machinery agencies.

Rural Employed Persons refer to rural labor forces aged over 16 years old who a re engaged in real production and management activities and receive payment in k ind or wages, including those covered within the age frame and regularly partici pating in production activities, and those who are out of the range of age frame and also participating in production activities regularly. Excluding students s tudying in other places with their permanent residence registered in local areas , servicemen and persons incapable of working; also excluding those who are wait ing for jobs and those engaged in household work. Persons employed are classifie d as rural employed persons; industrial employed persons; construction industry employed persons; transport, storage and telecommunications industries employed persons; whole sales and retail sales trade and catering industry employed perso ns and others according to the longest period of employment in major activities (or using income indicator when period of employment is the same).

Industry refers to the material production sector w hich is engaged in extraction of natural resources and processing and reprocessing of minerals and agricultur al products, including (1) extraction of natural resources, such as mining, salt production (but not including hunting and fishing); (2) processing and reproces sing of farm and sideline produces, such as rice husking, flour milling, wine ma king, oil pressing, silk reeling, spinning and weaving, and leather making; (3) manufacture of industrial products, such as steel making, iron smelting, chemica ls manufacturing, petroleum processing, machine building, timber processing; wat er and gas production and electricity generation and supply; (4)repairing of ind ustrial products such as the repairing of machinery and means of transport (incl uding cars).

Prior to 1984, the rural industry run by villages and cooperative organizations under village was classified into agriculture. Since 1984, it has been grouped into industry.

Units of industrial statistics survey corporate industrial enterprises with inde pendent accounting system.

Corporate industrial enterprises with independent accounting system refer to ent erprises engaging in industrial production activities, which meet the following requirements: ①They are established legally, having their own names, organizati ons, location, able to take civil liability; ②They possess and use their assets independently, assume liabilities, and are entitled to sign contracts with othe r units; ③They are financially independent and compile their own balance sheets . Enterprises covered in the industrial statistics in the Yearbook include followi ng categories by their registration:

State-owned Enterprises refer to industrial enterprises where the means of produ ction or income are owned by the state. Joint state-private industries and priva te industries, which existed before 1957, have been transformed into state indus tries. Statistics on these enterprises has been included in the state-owned indu stries since 1957 when separation of data was no longer necessary.

Collective-owned Enterprises refer to industrial enterp rises where the means of production are owned collectively, including urban and rural enterprises investe d by collectives and some enterprises which were formerly owned privately but ha ve been registered in industrial and commercial administration agency as collect ive units through raising fund from the public.

Share-holding Cooperative Enterprises refer to economic units set up on co operative basis, with funding partly from members of the enterprise and partly f rom outside investment, where the operation and management is decided by the mem bers who also participate in the production, and the distribution of income is b ased both on work (labour input) and on shares (capital input).

Joint-operation enterprises refer to economic units that are established by join t investment by two or more corporate enterprises or institutions of the same or different types of ownership on voluntary, equal and mutual-beneficial basis. T hey include:

a) state-owned joint-operation enterprises (joint operation between state- owned enterprises);

b) collective joint-operation enterprises (joint operation between collect ive enterprises; and

c) state-collective joint-operation enterprises (joint operation between s tate and collective enterprises).

Limited Liability Corporations refer to economic units registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Management of Regis tration of Corporations, with capitals from 2 to 49 investors, each investor bea rs limited liability to the corporation depending on his/her holding of shares, and the corporation bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets.

Share-holding Corporations Ltd. refer to economic units registered in accordance with the Regulation of the People's Republic of China on the Management of Regi stration of Corporate Enterprises, with total registered capitals divided into e qual shares and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor bears limited liabi lity to the corporation depending on the holding of shares, and the corporation bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets.

Private Enterprises refer to economic units invested or controlled (by hol ding the majority of the shares) by natural persons who hire labours for profit- making activities. Included in this category are private limited liability corpo rations, private share-holding corporations Ltd., private partnership enterprise s and private sole investment enterprises registered in accordance with the Corp oration Law, Partnership Enterprise Law and Tentative Regulation on Private Ente rprises.

Enterprises with Funds form Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan refers to all industrial enterprises registered as the joint-venture, cooperative, sole (exclusive) inve stment industrial enterprises and limited liability corporations with funds from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.

Foreign Funded Enterprises refers to all industrial ent erprises registered as the joint-venture, cooperative, sole (exclusive) investment industrial enterpris es and limited liability corporations with foreign funds.

Light Industry refers to the industry that produces con sumer goods and hand too ls. It consists of two categories, depending on the materials used:

(1) Industries using farm products as raw materials. These are branches of light industry which directly or indirectly use farm products as basic raw materials, including the manufacture of food and beverages, tobacco processing, textile, c lothing, fur and leather manufacturing, paper making, printing, etc.

(2) Industries using non farm products as raw materials. These are branches of l ight industry which use manufactured goods as raw materials, including the manuf acture of cultural, educational articles and sports goods, chemicals, synthetic fiber, chemical products for daily use, glass products for daily use, metal prod ucts for daily use, hand tools, medical apparatus and instruments, and the manuf acture of cultural and clerical machinery.

Heavy Industry refers to the industry which produces ca pital goods, and provide s various sectors of the national economy with necessary material and technical basis. It consists of the following three branches according to the purpose of p roduction or the use of products:

(1) Mining, quarrying and logging industry refers to the industry that extracts natural resources, including extraction of petroleum, coal, metal and non-metal ores.

(2) Raw materials industry refers to the industry that provides various sectors of the national economy with raw materials, fuels and power. It includes smeltin g and processing of metals, coking and coke chemistry, chemical materials and bu ilding materials such as cement, plywood, and power, petroleum refining and coal dressing.

(3) Manufacturing industry refers to the industry that processes raw materials. It includes machine building industry which equips sectors of the national econo my, industries of metal structure and cement products, industries producing mean s of agricultural production, such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Accor ding to the above principle of classification, the repairing trades which are en gaged primarily in repairing products of heavy industry are classified into heav y industry while these engaged in repairing products of light industry are class ified into light industry.

Gross Industrial Output Value

(1) Definition: Gross industrial output value is the total volume of final indus trial products produced and industrial services provided during a given period. It reflects the total achievements and overall scale of industrial production du ring a given period.

(2) Principles for calculation:

Statistics on industrial production follow the principle that all products produ ced by the enterprises and accepted during the reference period are to be includ ed no matter whether they are sold or not during the reference period.

Determination of final products follow the principle that all products that are included in the calculation of grow industrial output value are the final produc ts of the enterprise which have been accepted through quality check and require no further processing. If an enterprise has intermediate (semi-finished) product s to sell, these intermediate products are considered as the final products of t he enterprise.

Gross industrial output value is calculated following the principle of factory a pproach, i.e. industrial enterprise is used as the basic accounting unit in calc ulating the gross industrial output value. By this approach, value of the same p roduct is not to be double counted, and the output value of different workshops (branch factories) should not be added. However, this approach does not exclude the possibility of double counting between enterprises.

(3) Content and calculation method: The old definition of gross industrial outpu t value was modified during the national industrial census in 1995. The revised (new) definition of gross industrial output value consists of 3 components: valu e of the finished products during the reference period, income from external pro cessing, and value of change in semi-finished products at the end and at the beg inning of the reference period.

Value of the finished products during the reference period: refers to the value of all finished (semi-finished) industrial products that are produced during the reference period without the need for further processing, checked for acceptance, packed and put into the warehouse of the enterprise, including the value of o wn-produced equipment and the value of products provided to the projects under c onstruction of the enterprise, and to other non-industrial or welfare units. Val ue of finished products during the reference period is calculated by the quantit y of products produced using own materials multiplied by the average unit prices at which products are sold (excluding value-added tax). Own-produced equipment and products produced for own use are value at cost prices as in the case of ent erprise accounting. Value of finished products does not include the value of fin ished products (semi-finished products) that are produced using the materials fr om the clients who make the orders.

Income from external processing: refers to income from contracted external proce ssing of industrial products (including processing of industrial products using materials from the clients), and the income from industrial repairing work provi ded to other units. Income from external processing is calculated using informat ion from the item "products sales income" in the enterprise accounting at the pr ices excluding value-added tax.

For income from services such as processing, repairing and installation of equip ment provided to non-industrial units within the enterprise, if the accounting work of the enterprise is good enough to separate it from other records, and the share of such services is significant, it should also be included in the income from external processing.

Value of change in semi-finished products at the end and at the beginning of the reference period: refers to the value of change in semi-finished products at th e end and at the beginning of the reference period, which generally can be obtai ned from accounting records of enterprises. If the enterprise accounting exclude s the cost of semi-finished products, then it should not be included in the gros s industrial output value, and vice versa.

(4) Changes in the coverage and method of calculation of gross industrial output value Prior to 1984, the value of rural industry run by villages was classified into a griculture instead of industry. Since 1984, it has been included in the gross in dustrial output value.

Method of calculation for the gross industrial output value was modified in the industrial census in 1995. The difference in the new method as compared with the old one is outlined below:

Principle in using full value vs. processing fee: The new method stipulates that all products produced using own materials are to be calculated with full value in reporting the gross industrial output value irrespective of sophistication of production, and for external processing, it allows calculation using processing fee. In the old method, however, the use of full value or processing fee was de termined by the degree of sophistication of production in different branches of industries.

Principle in determining the value of change in semi-finished products: The new method requires that value of the change in semi-finished products should be inc luded in the gross industrial output value if it is included in the accounting r ecord of the enterprise, otherwise it should not be included. By the old method, it is determined by the type of enterprises in terms of production cycle. If th e production cycle is over 6 months, the value of change in semi-finished produc ts is included in the gross industrial output value, otherwise it is excluded.

Difference in prices: The new method uses prices excluding value-added tax in th e calculation of gross industrial output value, while the old method used prices including value-added tax.

Value-added of Industry refers to the final results of industrial production of industrial enterprises in money terms during the reference period.

Industrial value-added can be calculated by two approaches: the production appro ach, i.e. gross industrial output value minus intermediate input plus value-added tax, and the income approach, i.e. income for various factors used in the cour se of production, including depreciation of fixed assets, remuneration of labourers, net of production tax, and operating surplus. Value-added of industry in th e Yearbook is calculated by production approach as following:

Value-added of industry = gross industrial output - industrial intermediate inpu t + value-added tax

(1) Gross industrial output: refers to the total achievements of industrial prod uction during a given period. Gross industrial output includes value of finished products, income from external processing, and value of change in semi-finished products at the end and at the beginning of the reference period. Since 1995, i t was substituted by the gross industrial output value by new method.

(2) Industrial intermediate input: refers to purchased goods and paid services c onsumed during the industrial production of enterprises. Fees paid for services include fees paid for the services provided by material production sectors (indu stry, agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, construction, transport, post and telecommunications) and by non-material production sectors (insurance, banking, culture, education, scientific research, health and medical care, public admini stration, etc.). The determination of industrial intermediate input follows the principle that the goods and services must be purchased from outside and include d in the gross industrial output, and that the goods and services are inputted i nto production and consumed (include low-value consumables) during the reference period.

Industrial intermediate input includes 5 components, namely direct consumption o f materials, industrial intermediate input in manufacturing cost, industrial int ermediate input in management cost, industrial intermediate input in marketing c ost and expenditure on interest.

Capitals Obtained refers to capital actually received b y the enterprise from in vestors that could be used as operational capitals for a long period. According to the current accounting system, capitals obtained can be classified by investo rs as state capital, collective capital, corporate capital, individual capital, capital from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan and foreign capital.

State capital:refers to capital which is formed through state-o wned investment into the enterprise by government agencies or institutions that could represent the state in the investment.

Collective capital: refers to capital which is formed through state-owned invest ment into the enterprise by collective institutions or units that could represen t the state in the investment.

Corporate capital: refers to capital which is formed through investment by other corporate units using assets which is at their disposal by law.

Individual capital: refers to capital which is formed through investment by indi viduals outside the enterprise or employees of the enterprise using their person al legal properties.

Capital from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan: refers to cap ital which is formed thro ugh investment by investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan of China using thei r assets of various forms.

Foreign capital: refers to capital which is formed through investment by foreign investors.

Total Assets refer to all economic resources, in moneta ry terms, that is owned or controlled by enterprises, including properties, creditors equity and other e conomic rights of all forms. Classified by the degree of equitability, total ass ets include circulating assets, long-term investment, fixed assets, intangible a ssets and deferred assets, and other assets. Data on this indicator can be obtai ned by the year-end figures of total assets in the Assets and Liability Table of accounting records of enterprises.

Total Working Capitals refer to capitals which can be cashed in or spent or consumed in an operating cycle of one year or over one year, including cash, all kinds of deposits, short term investment, receivable and payable payment for go ods or deposits.

Average Value of Working Capitals refers to the average value of all working capitals of the enterprise during the reference period. Original Value of Fixed Assets refers to the value of payment by the enterprise in building, purchasing installing reconstructing, expending or transforming a particular item of fixed assets. In general, it includes value of purchase, cost for packaging, transportation, installation, etc.

Annual Average of Net Value of Fixed Assets refer to av erage of the net value o f fixed assets during the reference period, calculated with the following formula:

Annual Average of Net Value of Fixed Assets = sum of net value of fixed assets at the beginning and at the end of each month from January to December / 24.

Information on this indicator can be obtained from the beginning and ending figu res of the original value of fixed assets and cumulative depreciation from the A ssets and Liability Table of enterprises.

Net value of fixed assets refers to the original value of fixed assets minus dep reciation over the years, i.e.:

Net value of fixed assets = original value of fixed assets - cumulative deprecia tion

Total Liquid Liabilities refer to enterprises' total de bt payable within an op erating cycle of one year or over one year, including short-term loans, notes an d accounts payable, advance payments received, wages and welfare funds payable, taxes and profit payable, other payables, fees received by advance payment, etc. Liquid liabilities feature in the short term of payment, immediate payment at th e request of creditors, or payable within one year.

Total Long-term Liabilities refers to the debt payable within an operating cycl e of one year or over one year. It is the capital that enterprises raised from c reditors for the long-term use of enterprises in addition to capitals put into t he enterprise by investors, and constitutes the economic liabilities that enterp rises have to repay by assets or labour services, including long-term loans, pay able liabilities, long-term payable, other long-term liabilities, etc. Compared with the liquid liabilities, the long-term liabilities feature in large volume, longer term for repayment, and larger benefits for investors.

Creditors' Equity refers to investors ownership of net assets of the enterprise , which is equal to the total assets of the enterprise minus its total liabiliti es, including the primary input actually received at the enterprise from investo rs, capital accumulation fund, surplus accumulation fund and undistributed profi t. When the total of creditors' equity is less than zero, that indicates the lia bility of the enterprise is larger that its assets.

Sales Revenue of Industrial Products refers to the reve nue from the sales of fi nished and semi-finished products and from rendering of industrial services by industrial enterprises during the reference period.

Cost of Industrial Products Sold refers to the actual c ost of finished and semi- finished products sold and industrial services rendered by industrial enterprise s during the reference period.

Tax and Extra Charges on Sales of Products refer to the tax on city maintenance and construction, consumption tax, resources tax and extra charges for education, which should be borne by the enterprises in selling products and providing in dustrial services during the reference period.

Total Profits refer to the final achievements of produc tion and operation of th e enterprises, represented by the total profits after deducting losses (loss is expressed by the negative figure). It is the sum of profits from operation, inco me from subsidies, investment earnings, net income from activities other than op eration, and adjustment of profits and losses of previous years.

Value-added Tax Payable refers to the amount of the val ue-added tax which shoul d be paid by the enterprises during the reference period. It is the sum of tax o n sales, export rebate, and transferred tax on purchases of the current year, mi nus the tax on purchases of the current year. Value-added tax payable of small-s ize enterprises is determined by the taxable sales of the year multiplied by the tax rate.

Average Annual Number of Employed Persons Employed persons refer to all those who are employed in enterprises and receive remunerations therefrom, including c urrently working employees, retirees who are re-employed, teachers of local-run schools, as well as foreigners, staff from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, part-tim e employees and persons with second job who are employed by the enterprise, and employees of other units temporarily working in the enterprises, but excluding f ormer employees who left the enterprise with their employment records still kept by the enterprises.

Average number of employed persons refers to the number of employees everyday du ring the reference period, calculated with the following fomula:

Monthly average number = sum of actual employees everyday in reference month/number of calendar dates in reference month

Quarterly average number = sum of monthly average number in reference quarter/3

Annual average number = sum of monthly average number in reference year/12

Ratio of Profits, Taxes and Interests to Average Assets reflects the profit-mak ing capability of all assets of the enterprise and is a key indicator manifestin g the performance and management and evaluating the profit-making potential of t he enterprise. It is calculated as follows:

Ratio of Profits, Taxes and Interests to Average Assets (%) = ［(total profits + total taxes + interest payment) / average assets ］×100%

In the above formula, total taxes is the sum of tax and extra charges on the sal es of products and value-added tax payable; and average assets is the arithmetic mean of the sum of beginning assets and ending assets.

Ratio of Debts to Assets reflect both the operation ris k and the capability of the enterprise in making use of the capital from the creditors. It is calculated as follows:

Ratio of Debts to Assets (%) = (total debts / total assets)×100%

Both assets and debts are figures at the end of the reference period.

Turnover of Working Capital refers to the number of tim es of turnover of workin g capital in a given period of time, which reflects the speed of the turnover of working capital of industrial enterprises, and is calculated as follows:

Turnover of Working Capital=(sales revenue of products) / (average balance of to tal working capital)

In the above formula, average balance of total working capital refers to the ari thmetic mean of the sum of working capital at the beginning and at the end of th e reference period.

Ratio of Profits to Total Industrial Costs refers to th e ratio of profits reali zed in a given period to the total costs in the same period, which reflects the economic efficiency of input cost and is calculated as follows:

Ratio of Profits to Total Industrial Cost(%)=(total profits/ total costs)×100%

Total costs in the above formula is the sum of cost of products sold, marketing cost, management cost and financial cost.

Overall Labour Productivity of Industrial Enterprises reflects efficiency of pro duction and economic results of labour input of enterprises. The formula used is :

Overall Labour Productivity=(value added of industry) / (average number of staff and workers)

Ratio of Sales to Gross Output Value reflects the degre e at which industrial pr oducts are sold. It helps to analyze the linkage between production and sales an d the extent of the needs of the society that has been met by the supply of indu strial products. It is calculated as follows:

Ratio of Sales to Gross Output Value=(Industrial sales / Gross industrial output value at current prices) ×100%

Statistical Unit in Construction refers to corporat e enterprise engaged in the c onstruction of buildings and structures and in the installation of equipment. A corporate construction enterprise should have qualification certificates with in dependent accounting system, and should meet the following 3 requirements: ① be ing set up in line with relevant legal basis, having its full name, organization and location, and capable of taking civil liabilities; ② independently possess ing and using its assets and assuming its liabilities, and entitled to sign cont racts with other institutions; and ③ making independent accounts of its profits and losses, and capable of compiling its own balance sheet.

Gross Output Value of Construction refers to total of c onstruction products and services, expressed in money terms, produced or rendered by construction and ins tallation enterprises during a given period of time. It includes:

(1) Output value of construction projects, that is the value of projects covered by the project budgets;

(2) Output value of installation projects, that is the value of the installation of equipment, (excluding the value of the equipment to be installed);

(3) Output value of others, that is the output value of construction industry ex cluding that of construction projects and installation projects. It includes: ou tput value of repair of buildings and structures; output value of non-standard e quipment manufacturing; overhead expenses received by contracted enterprises to the sub-contracted enterprises and the completed output value of construction ac tivities that have no clear definition.

a. Output value of repair of buildings and structures, that is the value created through the repairs of buildings or structures, but does not include the value of buildings or structures being repaired and the value of the repair of product ion equipment;

b. Output value of manufactured non-standard equipment, that is the value of non -standard production equipment including raw materials and manufacturing cost ma de for the construction project (i.e., chemical plant; kettles or tanks used by refineries; various fillers, triangle tanks, valves used by mines), and the outp ut value of equipment manufactured by subsidiary workshops.

Value-added of Construction refers to the final result of the activities of prod uction and management of construction industry in monetary terms in the referenc e period. At present, the value-added of construction is calculated with the inc ome approach, that is to say, it is the sum of income of various production fact ors in the production process. The formula is as follows:

Value-added of Construction=depreciation of fixed assets in the year + wages pay able + welfare expenses payable + insurance premium and tax for waiting for empl oyment in the administrative expenses + taxes and surcharges on project settleme nt + profit.

Floor Space of Buildings Under Construction refers to f loor space of buildings u nder construction during the reference period, including newly started buildings , buildings started earlier and continued during the reference period, and build ings suspended earlier but restarted during the reference period, buildings comp leted during the reference period, and buildings under construction and then sus pended during the reference period.

Floor Space of Buildings Completed refers to the floor space of buildings that a re completed in the reference period in accordance with the requirements of the design, up to the standard for putting them into use, and have been checked and accepted by concerned departments as qualified ones.

Total Number of Machinery and Equipment Owned by the End of Year refers to the n umber of machines and equipment owned by the enterprises, and listed as the fixe d assets of the enterprises by the end of the year, including machinery and equi pment for construction, production and transportation and other equipment.

Total Power of Machinery and Equipment Owned by the End of Year refers to the to tal power of machinery and equipment owned by the enterprises, and listed as the fixed assets of the enterprises by the end of the year, including machinery and equipment for construction, production and transportation and other equipment.

The power of the machinery is calculated on basis of the designed or verified ca pacity, covering the power of the machinery/equipment and the separate power equ ipment serving the machinery/equipment (such as electric motors), but excluding welders, transformers and boilers. The unit used for the calculation of power is kilowatt, with horsepower converted to kilowatt by 1 horsepower=0.735 kilowatt.

Income from Settlement of Projects refers to the income receive d by the construc tion enterprise from the contracted project through settlement procedures, and o ther charges to the contractee as operational costs in addition to the value of the project, such as temporary facility fee, labour insurance premium, moving co st of construction equipment, as well as various types of claims to the contract ee.

Profit from Settlement of Projects refers to profit rea lized through settled projects. It is calculated with the following formula:

Profit from Settlement of Projects=Income from Settlement of Pro jects - Settled Cost - Settled Taxes and Other Cost

Total Revenue of Enterprises refers to the sum of incom e from production and operation of enterprises, including income from settlement of projects and other operational income, namely:

Total Revenue of Enterprises=Income from Settlement of Projects + Other Operatio nal Income

Length of Railways in Operation refers to the total length of the trunk line und er passenger and freight transportation (including both full operation and temp orary operation). The calculation is based on the actual length of the first lin e even if this line has a full or partial double track or more tracks, excluding double tracks, station sidings, tracks under the charge of stations, branch lin es, special-purpose lines and the non-payable connecting lines. The length of ra ilways in operation is an important indicator to show the development of the inf rastructure for the railway transport, and also the essential data to calculate volume of passenger freight transport, traffic density and utilization efficienc y of the locomotives and carriages.

Length of Electrified Railways refers to the length of the section of railways in operation in which the power supply lines and other equipment are installed fo r the running of electrified locomotives. The proportion of the length of electr ified railways to the total length of railways in operation is an important indicator to show the modernization of railways.

Automatic-blocking and Semi-automatic-blocking Length of Railways refer to length of railways installed with equipment to perform automatic or manual blocking o f trains. Blocking is a spacing technique by which a section of the railway only allows one train to pass at a time in the aim of ensuring the traffic safety. t he proportion of automatic/semi-automatic blocking length to the total length of railways in operation is an important indicator to show the modernization of railways.

Length of Highways refers to the length of highways whi ch are built in conformity with the grades specified by the highway engineering standard formulated by th e Ministry of Communications, and have been formally checked and accepted by the departments of highways and put into use. The length of highways includes th at of the suburb highways at large and medium-sized cities, highways passing thr ough streets at small cities and towns, and also the length of bridges and ferri es. It does not include the length of streets in big and medium-sized cities and highways built for the production purpose at factories, mines, forest areas and agricultural areas. If two or more highways go the same section of the way, the length of the section is only calculated for once and no duplication is allowed . The length of highways is an important indicator to show the development of th e highway construction and to provide essential information to calculate the tra nsport network density.

Length of Navigable Inland Waterways it is an indicator reflecting the size and development of inland water network, it refers to the length of the natural rive rs, lakes, reservoirs, canals, and ditches open to navigation during a given per iod, which enables the transport by ships and rafts. It includes the channels op en to navigation for over an accumulative 3 months in a year, yet this does not include the river courses, which are only used to float odd logs and bamboo raft s. This indicator can reflect the scale, level and development situation of the inland waterway network.

Length of Civil Aviation Routes refers to the length of all routes for regular civilaviation flights. There are usually two ways to calculate the distance betw een airports connected by the route length: One is to put the length of all air routes together, called duplicated calculation of the length of the routes; the other is not to allow the duplication in calculation when two or more routes pas sing the same section of aviation routes. The latter is usually used, as it can precisely show the size of the civil aviation network and indicate the extent of civil aviation serving the national economy and the people.

Length of Oil (Gas) Pipelines used as an indicator to show the development, scale and level of the pipeline transportation, it refers to the actual transport distance of oil (or gas) products, and is in general calculated in the length of single pipeline. If the length of the double pipelines and alternate pipeline a re included, it is called the extension length of the oil (gas) pipelines, which indicates the actual length of the pipelines built, excluding double pipelines. Freight (Passenger) Traffic refers to the volume of freight (passenger) transpor ted with various means. Freight transport is calculated in tons and passenger tr affic is calculated in the number of persons. Despite the type of freight and tr aveling distance, the freight transport is calculated in the actual weight of th e goods: and despite the traveling distance and ticket price, the passenger traf fic is calculated by the principle that one person can be counted only once in o ne travel. The passengers who travel with a half price ticket or a child ticket is also calculated as one person. The freight (passenger) traffic provides a qua ntitative measure to show how the transport industry serves the national economy and people, and is also an important indicator for planning the transport indus try and for studying the development scale and speed of the transport industry.

Freight (Passenger) Traffic Density refers to the freig ht (passenger) traffic vo lume carried by a particular means of transportation during a given period throu gh one kilometer of a specific section of transportation route. The formula is a s follows:

Freight (Passenger) traffic density=［freight ton-kilometers (passenger-kilomet ers)］ / (length of route in operation)

Freight (passenger) traffic density reflects the degree of business of freight ( passenger) traffic on transportation routes, and therefore provides important in formation for balancing transport capability, planning construction and upgradin g of transport routes and studying the distribution of transport network.

Freight Ton-kilometers (Passenger-kilometers) refer to the sum of the products o f the volume of transported cargo (passengers) multiplying by the transport dist ance. It is an important indicator to reflect the achievement of transportation industry. Normally, the shortest distance between the departure station and the destination station (i.e., the payable distance) is the basis to calculate the f reight ton-kilometers. This is an important indicator to show the total results of the transport industry, to prepare and examine the transport plan and to meas ure the efficiency, the labour productivity and the unit cost of transport.

The formula is as follows:

Freight ton-kilometers (passenger-kilometers) =∑{freight (passenger) traffic x distance of transportation}

Static Load of Freight Cars refers to the average cargo weight as loaded by eac h freight car under the static condition at the departure station. It is used to show the utilization extent of the loading capacity of the freight cars. The fo rmula is:

Static load (ton) of freight car=(tonnage of goods dispatched) / (number of frei ght cars loaded)

The static load of freight cars is determined by the nature and type of goods lo aded, the type of vehicles, and the technique of loading. The difference between the average marked load and the static load of freight cars reflects the utiliz ation of loading capacity of freight cars. For its calculation the following for mula is applied:

Utilization rate of capacity of freight cars(%)=［(Average static load) / (Avera ge marked load)］×100%

Average Daily Haul of Freight Locomotives refers to the average total ton-kilometers accomplished by each freight transport locomotive over day and night during a given period of time. It includes both the weight of the goods carried and th e dead weight of the train itself. It is a comprehensive indicator reflecting th e locomotive efficiency in terms of both time and the pulling force.

Average daily haul of freight transport locomotive (ton-kilometer)=(Total ton/ki lometers of freight) / (Daily number of freight transport locomotive)

Volume of Freight Handled in Major Coastal Ports refers to the volume of cargo p assing in and out the harbor area of the major coastal ports and having been loa ded and unloaded. The volume includes that of the postal matters, registered lug gage and fuels, materials and fresh water as supplies of the ships. The volume o f freight handled may be classified by direction of flow as freight for import a nd freight for export, or by nature of cargo as freight for domestic trade and f reight for foreign trade. As an important indicator, the volume of freight handl ed by type of cargo and by main flow direction reflects the production capacity of ports.

Possession of Civil Motor Vehicles: refer to the total numbers of vehicles that are registered and received vehicles' license tags according to the Work Standar d for Motor Vehicles Registration formulated by transport management office unde r department of public security at the end of reference period. They are divided into following categories according to the structure of motor vehicles: passeng er vehicles, trucks and others; and private vehicles and vehicles for units use according to ownerships; working vehicles, non-working vehicles and special moto r vehicles according to kind of usage; large passenger vehicles, medium passenge r vehicles and small passenger vehicles, heavy trucks, light-heavy trucks and li ght trucks according to sizes of vehicles.

Business Volume of Post and Telecommunications refers t o the total amount of pos t and telecommunication services, expressed in value terms, provided by the post and telecommunications departments for the society. Post and telecommunication services can be classified as letters, parcels, remittance, issue of newspapers and magazines, fast mail service, express mail service, savings deposits, stamps for collection, public and individual telegraph service, facsimiles, long-dista nce telephone service, leasing of telephone lines, urban paging service, mobile telephone service, data transfer and transmission, etc. The accounting approach is to multiply the service products of all types with their average unit price ( constant price) to get sum of business value, plus income from other services su ch as leasing of telephone lines and equipment, maintenance of telephone switchb oards and lines on behalf of customers. This indicator reflects the overall resu lts of post and telecommunications service during a given period, and is importa nt to study the composition of business service and the development of post and telecommunications service.

The formula is as follows:

Business volume of post and telecommunications=∑(Transaction of post and teleco mmunication service x constant price) + Income from leasing, maintenance and other services

Mobile Telephone Subscribers refer to the persons who o wn mobile telephone numbe rs and are connected with the mobile telephone communication network through the mobile telephone switchboards, including contracted subscribers and pre-paid su bscribers for intelligent network. One mobile telephone is taken as a subscriber .

Internet Users refer to the number of Chinese citizens who use Internet at least for one hour each week.

Local Telephone Subscribers refer to subscribers that a re connected to the local telecommunication service provider through fix line network, including househol d subscribers, institutional subscribers and public telephones. They are also cl assified as city subscribers and rural subscribers according to locations. Befor e 1997, city subscribers referred to those connected to city telephone networks in county towns and cities, while village subscribers referred to those connecte d to village telephone stations at and below counties. Since 1997, the classific ation of telephone subscribers was modified on the basis of physical location of the subscribers as urban telephone subscribers and rural telephone subscribers, which is different from the previous classification of categorizing local telep hones and rural telephones, while the definition of total subscribers and total number of telephones remain unchanged.

Urban Telephone Subscribers refer to number of telephon e subscribers, located at municipalities, cities under the jurisdiction of province, cities at prefecture level, downtown and suburb of city at county level town and county towns (inclu ding country towns where county government located, and towns of county level ac cording to the administrative organizational system), that are connected to the public line telephone network, including rural mineral area, forest area, military area.

Rural Telephone Subscribers refer to telephone subscrib ers, located at counties (towns) and villages outside the range of cities according to administrative jur isdiction.

Household Telephone Subscribers refer to telephone sets installed in the dwellin g units of urban or rural residents, and registered as residence subscribers for payment, including 3 types of payment for the service: private payment, public payment and free service.

Capacity of Long Distance Telephone Exchanges refers t o the rated capacity of t elephone exchanges to connect long distance telephone network, including capacity of international telephone exchanges.

Capacity of Office Telephone Exchanges refers to the ca pacity (measured in gate) of telephone exchanges installed in the offices of telecommunication service pr oviders for communication between fixed telephones. It includes the capacity of both manual and automatic exchanges in use and for stand-by purpose, excluding t he capacity of subscribers' exchanges.

Capacity of Mobile Telephone Exchanges: refers to the capacity of the maximum se rvices provided to subscribers at one time basing on a certain model and transacting capacity of the mobile telephone exchanges.

Total Retail Sales of Consumer Goods refer to the sum of retail sales of commod ities sold by wholesale, retail, catering, publishing, post and telecommunicatio ns and other service industries to urban and rural households for private consum ption and to social institutions for public consumption. Retail sales of consumer goods include:

A、Sales by wholesale and retail units:

1. of consumer goods sold to urban and rural households

2. of commodities sold to foreigners, overseas Chinese and Chinese compatriots f rom Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan visiting in China

3. of commodities sold to government agencies, institutions, social organizatio n s, military and armed police units, and commodities sold to enterprises in the f orm of retail sales. More specifically, they include: office facilities and arti cles for non-production purposes such as communications equipment, computing equ ipment and instruments, TV and network equipment, printing and copying equipment , audio-visual equipment and instruments, paper, notebooks, stationeries, furnit ure, electric appliances, knitwear, sanitation and cleaning articles, cultural a nd sport articles, articles for prizes, souvenirs, etc.; transport vehicles and fuels for employees; materials, spare parts and tools for the maintenance of off ice facilities; equipment, fuels, materials and food for winter heating or summe r cooling purposes; articles and equipment for teaching purpose; Chinese and wes tern medicines and medical equipment and facilities purchased by non profit-maki ng medical institutes; non-specialized work safety articles; cooking utensils, t ableware, equipment, cleaning articles, food and fuels purchased by internal caf eterias; clothes and personal articles purchased by military or armed police uni ts for their officials and soldiers; and other equipment and articles for non-pr oduction purposes.

B、Sales of stable food, cooked dishes, beverages, tobaccos and other articles by catering units.

C、 Sales of books, newspapers, magazines, audio-visual products and post produ ct s by publishing, post and telecommunications departments to urban and rural hous eholds and to enterprises, institutions, military and armed police units.

D、 Sales of food, beverages, tobaccos, clothing, hats, footwear, articles for da ily use, medicines, medical and health articles, work of art, handicrafts, toys, funeral articles and other articles by other service industries.

Total Purchases of Commodities refer to the total value of purchases of commodit ies by the enterprises (establishments) from other establishments or individuals (including direct import from abroad) for the purpose of re-selling, either wit h or without further processing of the commodities purchased. This indicator is used to show the total value of purchases of commodities by wholesale and retail establishments from domestic and overseas markets. The total purchases include: (1) agricultural and industrial products purchased from producers; (2) books, m agazines and newspapers purchased from distribution departments of the publisher s; (3) commodities purchased from wholesale and retail establishments of differe nt status of registration; (4) commodities purchased from other units, such as s urplus materials purchased from government agencies, enterprises or institutions , commodities purchased from catering and service establishments, confiscated go ods purchased from customs authorities or market management agencies, second-han d goods and wastes purchased from residents; and (5) commodities directly import ed from abroad. Excluded are commodities purchased by enterprises (establishment s) for use in their own business operation, commodities obtained without buying or selling procedures, rejected commodities, etc.

Total Sales of Commodities refer to value of commoditie s sold by the establishme nts to other establishments and individuals (including direct export). This indi cator is used to show the total value of sales of commodities at domestic market s and export. The total sales include: (1) commodities sold to urban and rural r esidents and social groups for their consumption; (2) commodities sold to establ ishments in industry, agriculture, construction, transportation, post and teleco mmunications, wholesale and retail trades, catering trade and public utility for their production and operation; (3) commodities sold to wholesale and retail es tablishments for re selling, with or without further processing; and (4)commodi ties for direct export to other countries. Excluded are selling of waste packagi ng materials used by the establishments (units) themselves, commodities transfer red without buying or selling procedures, commission income from brokerage in tr ansactions whose settlement is directly handled by buyers and sellers, rejected commodities in the purchase, loss in commodities, etc.

Commodity Stock of Wholesale and Retail Enterprises refers to total commodities possessed by wholesale and retail enterprises (units) of various types of regist ration status at the end of the reference period, which reflects the commodity s tock level of various wholesale and retail enterprises and the potential for mar ket supply. It includes: (1) commodities located in storage, garages, counters, and shelves of operating units (such as sale stores, wholesale centers, and oper ating offices) of wholesale and retail enterprises; (2) commodities in the proce ss of selecting, sorting, and packing; (3) commodities not arrived but recorded as purchase in the account, i.e. commodities not arrived but payment receipts fo r the commodities from the sellers or the banks arrived; (4) commodities deposit ed in other places rather than places mentioned above, for instance: commodities in the hold of purchasers temporarily due to the refusal of payment and commodi ties not taken back after going through the formalities; (5) commodities entrust ed to other units to sell but not sold yet; (6) commodities purchased for other units but not delivered yet. Commodities not included as stock are those not own ed by the enterprises (units), those allocated to financially independent factor ies rather than wholesale and retail enterprises for processing but not taken back yet, and finally those put in stock by wholesale and retail enterprises on be half of the state material reserves units.

For the calculation of the value of commodities stock, the value is calculated at purchasing prices in agricultural goods purchasing units and wholesale units, and at the accounting prices in retail units.

Business Income of Catering Industry: refer to the total turnover of catering bu sinesses, establishments or individuals, including retail sales and other servic es income. It reflects the operational and managerial conditions and development trend of catering businesses, establishments and individuals in this sector.

Retail Sales of Commodities in Catering Industry: refer to retail sales to resid ents and social groups by catering enterprises, establishments and individual, i ncluding: (1) various food sold after cooking and processing, such as: staple fo od, cooked dishes, cold and dressed dishes and so on. (2) re-selling commodities without further processing, such as beverages, tobaccos, cooked food, fruits an d so on. (3) food and other commodities sold in affiliated shops without indepen dent accounting system.

Volume of Transaction at Consumer Goods Markets refers to the value of transacti on of all goods at consumer goods markets in the country, including both markets for farm and sideline products and for industrial consumption goods.

Volume of Transaction at Large Commodity Markets (with transacti on value over 100 million yuan) refers to markets approved by the industrial and commer cial admi nistration departments, which specialize in wholesale and retail of commodities with an annual sales of over 100 million yuan. The sum of sales of all sellers i n the markets makes up the transaction value of the markets.

Chain Enterprises (also called chain stores or chain corporations) refer to a fo rm of joint economic entities under which scattered enterprises or establishment s engaged in providing homogeneous commodities or services, with the central lea dership of core enterprise or headquarters and guided by common policies, conduc t centralized purchase and distributed selling of commodities, in order to gain better efficiency through standardized operation. Consisting of a number of bran ch stores, the chain stores have in general following features: 1) homogeneous c ommodities, 2) unique name of stores, 3) centralized purchase and delivery which is separated from distributed selling operation (most commodities are delivered from the headquarters except some items which, from logistics, quality or fresh ness considerations, might be delivered by the suppliers directly).

Chain stores have two categories:

a) Chain stores under direct management: These are formal chain stores invested or controlled by the headquarters. They operate under the direct and unified man agement from the headquarters.

b) Chain stores through license arrangement: Through contracts, chain stores (th eir owners) obtain licenses from the headquarters to use designated trade marks, names, operation know-how, and to sell the commodity developed by the headquart ers. Under this arrangement, each store in the chain is an independent legal ent ity and operates under the guidance from the headquarters.

Total Imports and Exports at Customs refer to the r eal value of commodities impo rted into and exported from the boundary of China. They include the actual impor ts and exports through foreign trade, imported and exported goods under the proc essing and assembling trades and materials, supplies and gifts as aid given grat is between governments and by the United Nations and other international organiz ations, and contributions donated by overseas Chinese, compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao and Chinese with foreign citizenship, leasing commodities owned by ten ant at the expiration of leasing period, the imported and exported commodities p rocessed with imported materials, commodities trading in border areas (excluding mutual exchange goods), the imported and exported commodities and articles for public use of the Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and ventu res exclusively with foreign own investment. Also included are import or export of samples and advertising goods for whose CIF or FOB value are beyond the permi tted ceiling (excluding goods of no trading or use value and free commodities fo r export), imported goods sold in China from bonded warehouses and other importe d or exported goods. The indicator of the total imports and exports at customs c an be used to observe the total size of external trade in a country. In accordan ce with the stipulation of the Chinese government, imports are calculated at CIF , while exports are calculated at FOB

Import Export Value by Location of Chinas Foreign Trade Managing Units refers to actual value of imports and exports carried out by corporations which have bee n registered by the local customhouse and are vested with right to run import ex port business.

Import Value of Commodities by the Places of their Destination and Export Value of Commodities by the Places of their Origin in China: The former indic ator ref ers to the value of import commodities of the places of their consumption, utili zation or the places of their final destination. The latter indicator refers to the value of export commodities of the places of their origin or the places of t he commodities dispatched.

Contracted Projects with Foreign Countries refer to projects undertaken by Chine se contractors (project contracting companies) through bidding process. They include: (1) overseas civil engineering construction projects financed by foreign investors; (2) overseas projects financed by the Chinese government through its foreign aid programs; (3) construction projects of Chinese diplomatic missions, trade offices and other institutions stationed abroad; (4)construction projects in China financed by foreign investment; (5) sub-contracted projects to be taken by Chinese contractors through a joint umbrella project with foreign contractor (s); (6) housing development projects. The business income from international co ntracted projects is the work volume of contracted projects completed during the reference period, expressed in monetary terms, including completed work on proj ects signed in previous years.

Service Cooperation with Foreign Countries refers to the activities of providin g technology and labour services to employers or contractors in the forms of receiving salaries and wages. Labour services providing by contractual joint ventur es of Chinese international contracting corporations should be included in the s tatistics of service co-operation with foreign countries. The business income of labour service cooperation is the income in the form of wages and salaries, ove rtime pay, bonuses and other remuneration received from the employers during the reference period.

Overseas Design and Consultation Service refers to projects with charges for tec hnical services from overseas operators. It includes geographic and topographic mapping, geological resource prospecting and survey, planning of construction ar eas, provision of design documents, blueprints, materials on production process and techniques, as well as engineering, technical and economic consultation, and feasibility study, research and evaluation of projects. Also included under thi s category are the above-mentioned services of foreign-financed projects in Chin a that are paid in foreign currencies.

Number of Tourists

(1) International tourists refer to foreigners, overseas Chinese, Chinese compat riots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan coming to China for sight-seeing, visits, tours, family reunions, vacations, study tours, conferences and other activitie s of a business, scientific and technological, cultural, educational and religio us nature. It does not include representatives and employees of resident institu tions of foreign countries in China such as embassies, consulates, news agencies and offices of foreign companies and organizations, nor does it include long-te rm foreign experts or students residing in China, or persons in transition witho ut spending a night in China.

(2) Chinese residents going abroad refer to Chinese residents going abroad for s hort terms for either public business or private purposes. Chinese employees wor king on international transport carriers are included in those going abroad for public business purpose, not in those for private purpose.

(3) Domestic tourists refer to residents of the mainland of China who stay for o ne night at least but no more than 6 months at tourist facilities in other place s than their permanent residence within the territory of the mainland China, inc luding foreigners, overseas Chinese and Chinese compatriots from Hong Kong, Maca o and Taiwan who have resided in China for over one year.

Foreign Exchange Earnings from International Tourism refer to the total expend itures of foreigners, overseas Chinese, Chinese compatriots from Hong Kong, Maca o and Taiwan during their stay in the mainland of China, which are earnings of f oreign exchange from international tourism from the point of view from China.

International Travel Agencies refer to travel agencies engaged in the promotio n, solicitation, organization and reception of tours to the mainland of China by foreigners, overseas Chinese, Chinese compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Tai wan.

Domestic Travel Agencies refer to travel agencies engag ed in the promotion, so licitation, organization and reception of domestic tourists, and in the receptio n of foreigners, overseas Chinese, Chinese compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan organized by international travel agencies or other departments concerne d, without their own promotion and solicitation programmes.

Star-Hotels refer to hotels rated with stars

Regular Institutions of Higher Learning refer to educational establishments set up according to the government evaluation and approval procedures, enrolling gra duates from senior secondary schools and providing higher education courses and training for senior professionals. They include full-time universities, colleges , high professional schools, high professional vocational schools and others.

Universities and colleges are mainly providing undergraduate courses; those high professional schools and high professional vocational schools are mainly provid ing professional trainings; and others refer to educational establishments, whic h are responsible for enrolling students but not covered in the total number of schools, including: branch schools of universities and colleges, and universitie s and colleges that have been proved and prepared to construct.

Institutions of Higher Learning for Adults refer to edu cational establishments, set up in line with relevant rules approved by the government, enrolling staff a nd workers with senior secondary school or equivalent education, and providing h igher education courses in many forms of correspondence, spare time, or full tim e for adults. Professionals thus trained receive a qualification equivalent to g raduates studying regular courses at regular universities, colleges and professi onal colleges. Institutions of higher learning for adults include schools of hig h education for staff and workers, schools of high education for peasants, colle ges for management cadres, pedagogical colleges, independent correspondence coll eges, Radio and TV universities and other educational establishments. Other educ ational establishments are responsible for enrolling adult students but not cove red in the number of schools.

Enrollment Rate of Primary School Age Children refers t o the proportion of schoo l age children enrolled at schools to the total number of school age children bo th in and outside schools (including retarded children, but excluding blind, dea f and mute children). The formula is:

Enrollment Rate of Primary School-age Children = (Total Primary School-age Child ren at Schools)/(Total Primary School age Children Both at and Outside Schools) x 100%

Scientific and Technological Activities (S&T Activities) refer to organized acti vities which are closely related with the creation, development, dissemination a nd application of the scientific and technical knowledge in the fields of natura l sciences, agricultural science, medical science, engineering and technological science, humanities and social sciences (referred to as scientific and technolo gical fields). S&T activities can be classified in to 3 categories: research and development (R&D) activities, application of R&D results, and related S&T servi ces. This statistical definition is made by UNICHIEF for scientific and technolo gical activities to meet the need of carrying out statistical work in this field for its member countries in particular those developing countries.

Personnel Engaged in S&T Activities refer to personnel directly engaged in S&T a ctivities, in the management of S&T activities, and in providing direct service to S&T activities, who spend over 10% of the total working hours in a year in S& T activities. (1) Personnel directly engaged in S&T activities include researche rs, engineers, technicians and other related personnel engaged in S&T activities in independent-accounting R&D institutions, institutions of higher learning, an d in research institutes, laboratories, technology development centers and centr al experiment workshops under enterprises and institutions. Also included are pe ople working in S&T research project teams, professional and technical personnel working in S&T information archiving institutes, and graduate students working on the design of their thesis. (2) Personnel engaged in the management of S&T ac tivities and in providing direct service to S&T activities include senior manage ment people responsible for S&T activities in independent-accounting R&D institu tions, S&T information archiving institutes, institutions of higher learning, an d in enterprises and institutions where S&T activities are undertaken. Also incl uded are people responsible for the planning, administration, personnel manageme nt, financial management, logistics supply, equipment maintenance, information a nd library management that are related with S&T activities. People providing indirect services are excluded, such as security, medical service, drivers, plumber s, cleaners and those providing catering and related service. This indicator ref lects the size of personnel engaged in S&T activities.

Scientists and Engineers refer to persons engaged in S& T activities who have obt ained titles of senior and middle level professional positions, and those withou t such position but have completed university or higher education. This indicator reflects the quality of personnel engaged in S&T activities.

Research and Development (R&D) refers to systematic and creative activities in t he field of science and technology aiming at increasing the knowledge and using the knowledge for new application. R&D includes 3 categories of activities: basi c research, applied research and experiments and development. The scale and inte nsity of R&D are widely used internationally to reflect the strength of S&T and the core competitiveness of a country in the world.

Basic Research refers to empirical or theoretical researchaiming at obtaining new knowledge on the fundamental principles of phenomena of observable facts to r eveal the nature and law of movement of objects and to acquire new discoveries o r new theories. Basic research takes no specific or designated application as th e aim of the research. Results of basic research are mainly released or dissemin ated in the form of scientific papers or monographs. This indicator reflects the original innovation capacity of knowledge.

Applied Research refers to creative research aiming at obtaining new knowledge o n a specific objective or target. Purpose of the applied research is to identify the possible use of results from basic research, or to explore new (fundamental ) methods or new approaches. Results of applied research are expressed in the fo rm of scientific papers, monographs, fundamental models or invention patents. Th is indicator reflects the exploration of ways to apply the results of basic research.

Experiments and Development refer to systematic activit ies aiming at using the k nowledge from basic and applied researches or from practical experience to devel op new products, materials and equipment, to establish new production process, s ystems and services, or to make substantial improvement on the existing products , process or services. Results of experiment and development activities are embo died in patents, exclusive technology, and monotype of new products or equipment . In social sciences, experiment and development activities refer to the process of converting the knowledge from basic or applied researches into feasible prog rammes (including conduct of demonstration projects for assessment and evaluatio n). There are no experiment and development activities in the science of humanit ies. This indicator reflects the capability of transferring the results of S&T into technique and products, which is the materialized measurement of S&T pushing forward the economic and social development.

R&D Personnel refer to persons engaged in research, man agement and supporting ac tivities of R&D, including persons in the project teams, persons engaged in the management of S&T activities of enterprises and supporting staff providing direc t service to the research projects. This indicator reflects the size of personne l engaged in R&D activities with independent intellectual property.

Professional and Technical Personnel refer to persons engaged in professional and technical work or in the management of professional and technical activities, i.e., people with professional or technical positions who are engaged in profess ional and technical work or in the management of professional and technical acti vities, and people without professional or technical positions but are working o n professional or technical posts. They include professionals and technicians wo rking in 17 categories of technical occupations including engineering, agricultu re, scientific researches, medical service, teaching, economic research and appl ication, accounting, statistics, translation, libraries, archives, cultural and museum service, journalism and publication, lawyers, notarization service, radio and television broadcasting, handicraft and fine arts, sports, performing art, and political workers in enterprises. This indicator reflects the condition of human resources in S&T.

Funding for S&T Activities refers to funds obtained fro m various sources for S&T activities, including government funds, self-raised funds by enterprises, self- raised funds by institutions, loans from financial institutions, foreign funds a nd other funds. This indicator reflects the efforts made by various social econo mic entities in promoting the development of S&T.

Government Funds refer to funds obtained from governmen t agencies at all levels to be used for S&T activities, including fund for scientific undertakings, 3 kin ds of fund for S&T activities, fund for capital construction for scientific rese arches, science fund, funds from education expenditures by education departments for S&T activities, and extra-budget fund from government agencies for S&T acti vities.

Self-raised Funds by Enterprises refers to self-raised funds by enterprises from their own expenditure or from other enterprises and funds received by universit ies or research institutions from enterprises for scientific research or technic al development projects. Excluded in this category are funds from government age ncies, financial institutions or from foreign institutions.

Loans from Financial Institutions refer to loans from v arious financial institutions for S&T activities.

Internal Expenditures on S&T activities refer to the actual expenditures on S&T activities during the reference year, including service fees, expenditure on research activities, expenditure on research management, purchase or construction o f fixed assets not included in the investment for capital construction, expendit ure on capital construction for scientific researches, and other expenditures on S&T activities. Not included are expenditure on production activities, repaymen t of loans and transfer expenditure. This indicator reflects the real accomplish ment of input in S&T.

Service Fees refer to direct or indirect payment, in ca sh or in kind, made to pe rsonnel engaged in S&T activities as remuneration and other fees. They include, in various forms, salaries, subsidies, bonus, benefits, retirement pension, stip end, etc. This indicator reflects the improvement of treatment toward S&T person nel.

Purchase or Construction of Fixed Assets refers to the fixed assets purchased or constructed using funds other than the investment in capital construction, and the actual expenditure on capital construction for scientific researches. In oth er words, it is the sum of the actual expenditure on fixed assets and the accomp lished investment in capital construction for scientific researches. Fixed asset s refer to main materials and equipment, literatures and documents in libraries, materials for experiments, specimen, instruments, furniture, buildings and cons tructions that can be used for a long time without changing the form and shape o f those articles or constructions. This indictor reflects the input in improving the condition of S&T and the means of scientific research.

New Products refer to new products produced with new tech nology and new design, or products that represent noticeable improvement in terms of structure, materia l, or production process so as to improve significantly the character or functio n of the older versions. They include new products certified by relevant governm ent agencies within the period of certification, as well as new products designe d and produced by enterprises within a year without certification by government agencies. This indictor reflects the direct contribution of S&T output to econom ic growth.

Patent is an abbreviation for the patent right and refers to the exclusive right of ownership by the inventors or designers for the creation or inventions, give n from the patent offices after due process of assessment and approval in accord ance with the Patent Law. Patents are granted for inventions, utility models and designs. This indicator reflects the achievements of S&T and design with indepe ndent intellectual property.

Inventions refer to the new technical proposals to the products or methods or th eir modifications. This is universal core indicator reflecting the technologies with independent intellectual property.

Utility Models refer to the practical and new technical proposals on the shape a nd structure of the product or the combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of technological results with certain technical content.

Designs refer to the aesthetics and industrially applic able new designs for the shape, pattern and color of the product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the appearance design achievements with independent intellectual property.

Cultural Institutions refer to units, which have their own organizational system and independent accounting system and specialize in or serve cultural developme nt. They exclude other establishments run by these cultural institutions and ama teur cultural groups established by various departments. This indicator reflects the development of cultural units.

Art Troupe refers to the troupe which is engaged in dra ma, opera, music, dance, acrobatics or other art performance, opens independent accounts with banks and h as self-supporting accounting system; excluding the troupes which are engaged pa rtly in industrial or agricultural activities, partly in art performance and the professional troupes organized by the people.

Number of Audience at Art Performance refers to the num ber of attendants at comm ercial shows, completely booked shows or free shows given in minority national a reas, and does not include the number of spectators at rehearsals for examinatio n and internal shows for study.

Number of Athletes in Grades refers to the number o f athletes who have been give n titles through examination. The titles of athletes include international maste rs of sports, masters of sports, first-grade, second-grade and third-grade sport smen and young athletes. This indicator reflects skill of the athletes.

Number of Referees in Grades refers to the number of re ferees who have been give n titles after examination. They are classified as international referees, natio nal referees and referees of the first, second and third grades. This indicator reflects the skill of referees.

Stadiums refer to stadiums for track and field events with six lane 400-meter tracks around soccer fields, permanent track marks and permanent bleachers. Stadiu ms are classified according to seating capacity. They include: Class A stadiums have the capacity of seating 25000 people each. Class B stadiums have the capaci ty of seating 15000 to 25000 people each. Class C stadiums have the capacity of seating 5000 to 15000 people each, and Class D stadiums have the capacity of sea ting fewer than 5000 people. This indicator reflects numbers of large and medium -sized stadiums.

Gymnasiums refer to indoor sports grounds with permanen t seats in which basketball, volleyball. badminton, table tennis and gymnastics competitions can be held. Gymnasiums are classified according to seating capacity. They include: Class A gymnasiums with seating over 6000 people. Class B gymnasiums with seating 4000 t o 6000 people. Class C gymnasiums with seating 2000 to 4000 people, and Class D gymnasiums with eating fewer than 2000 people. This indicator reflects the total number of large and medium-sized gymnasiums.

Health Care Institutions include: medical institutions, disease preven tion and c ontrol centers (epidemic prevention stations), blood gathering and supplying ins titutions, health supervision and inspection (check up) institutions, medicinal scientific research and on-job training institutions, health education and so on .

Medical Organizations include: hospitals, health service center s (stations) of c ommunities, nursing homes, health centers, clinics, clinics (health stations and infirmaries), maternity and child care agencies (centers and stations), special disease prevention and curing agencies (centers and stations), first aid center s (stations) and clinical inspection centers. Medical organizations are grouped by two types: profit-making and non-profit-making medical organizations.

Hospitals include: polyclinics, traditional Chinese medical hos pitals, hospitals integrated with traditional Chinese therapeutics and western therapeutics, ethi cal hospitals, various specialties hospitals and nursing hospitals.

Medical Technical Personnel refers to doctors, assistan t nurses, pharmacists, and laboratory technicians working in medical institutions.

Doctors refer to certified physicians and certified as sistant physicians with ce rtifications working in medical and health care and prevention agencies.

Social Welfare Institutions refer to institutions takin g care of old people with out children, handicapped people and orphans. They include social welfare instit utions run by civil affairs departments, children welfare institutions, social w elfare institutions for mental patients, collective-owned old peoples homes in r ural areas, convalescent homes and community service centers with the capacity o f receiving those people. This indicator reflects the input in social welfare in stitutions.

Number of People Taken in by Social Welfare Institutions refers to the number of old people, children, totally dependent handicapped people and mental patients taken in by social welfare institutions run by civil affairs departments and tho se run by collective units in urban and rural areas. This indicator reflects the capacity of social welfare institutions.

Social Welfare Enterprises are collective owned enterprises whi ch employ the bli nd, deaf-mute, and other handicapped people who are able to work in cities and t owns and enjoy exemption from state taxes, including welfare plants, welfare com mercial services, artificial limb plants and farms, etc. This indicator reflects the preferential policies toward disabled persons.

Rural Households with Livelihood Guaranteed in Five Aspects refer to the househo lds in which there are old people without child, orphans and handicapped people who are unable to work and without financial resources in rural areas. They are taken care of by the collective units and their food, clothing, housing, medical care, funeral expenses (or schooling for orphans) are guaranteed to be provided for. This indicator reflects the total number of disadvantageous groups of rura l population.

Lawyers are certified legal workers according to law, and who a re employed by le gal counseling firms to act as legal advisers, agents in criminal or civil lawsu its, or defenders in criminal lawsuits, or to handle non-litigious legal affairs , to advise on matters of law or to write legal papers for others, and provide s ervice to the public.

Notary Personnel refers to people working for notary of fices including: director s, deputy director, notaries, assistant notaries, and other people providing ass istance.

Notary Documents refer to the judicatory notary documen ts drawn up by the reques t of the party and are in accordance with facts and laws and following certain l egal proceedings. According to usage and locality, the notary documents are divi ded into following 4 types: domestic notary documents, domestic economic notary documents, foreign-related civil notary documents and foreign-related economic notary documents.

Mediators refer to workers on peoples mediation committ ees responsible for media ting in civil disputes and cases of slight infraction of the law. They include m embers of the mediation committees and mediators of mediation groups. This indic ator reflects the number of people engaged in meditation.

Mediation of Civil Disputes refers to number of cases m ade by mediation committe es in mediating in civil disputes concerning civil rights and duties through per suasion and education in accordance with the provisions of law on a voluntary ba sis, so as to solve disputes by helping the parties involved come to an agreemen t and understanding, including those unsuccessful ones. This indicator reflects the workload of the mediation committees.

Acceptance of Case refers to the decision made by the p eople's procuratorate off ice on reported cases, prosecution, impeachment, surrender, self-found criminal clues or suspects after initial investigation to confirm the act of crime and to start legal proceedings of the case as criminal case.

Number of Labour Dispute Cases Accepted refers to the n umber of cases of labour dispute submitted that, after being reviewed by the lab our dispute arbitration c ommittees in line with the relevant state regulations, are accepted and registered for treatment.

Retired or Resigned Personnel refers to people who have formally gone through th e formalities for their retirement or quitting work and enjoy the corresponding treatments.

Insurance and Welfare Funds refers to labour insurance and welfare fund paid by enterprises, organizations and institutions to their staff and workers as well a s retired and resigned persons in addition to their wages and salaries， excludi ng labour protection fees, wages paid to medical workers from insurance and welf are fund and wages paid to staff members working in collective welfare agencies and to people with over 6 months of sick-leave.

Insurance and Welfare Funds for Retired and Resigned Staff and W orkers covers:

1. Pensions for retired veteran cadres: They refer to pensions, other subsidies, and additional allowances paid to retired in line with relevant government docu ments.

2. Pensions for Retirement: They refer to living allowance; other subsidies and additional allowances paid to retired staff and workers in line with the relevan t government documents.

1. Resignation Allowances for Living Expenses: They refer to living allowance, a nd additional allowances subsidies paid to resigned staff and workers in line wi th relevant government instructions.

It also includes living subsidies and prices subsidies paid to retired and resig ned staff and workers.

2. Medical Care Allowance: refer to fee-for-service, cost of medical care and pe r diem subsidies during hospitalizations of retired and resigned staff and worke rs.

3. Others: They refer to other expenses, including other types of insurance and welfare fund, fees for funerals, traveling subsidies and heating subsidies durin g the winter time.

Private Economic Type of Registration for the joint -stock cooperative Enterprises,other joint venture Enterprise,Non-state holding other liability company and limited by shave Ltd.Private Enterprise,Domestic other enterprise legal person and has the fixed operating sites and holding the business license or has fixed management field,but do not recive business license of the self-employed households.